Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume III.djvu/496

4:90 BUTLER May lie was transferred to the command of I Fortress Monroe and the department of East- I ern Virginia. While here, some slaves who had come within his lines were demanded hy their masters. He refused to deliver them up on the ground that they were contraband of war ; hence arose the designation of " con- trabands " often applied to slaves during the war. In August he captured Forts Hatteras and Clark on the coast of North Carolina. He then returned to Massachusetts to recruit an expedition for the gulf of Mexico and the Mississippi. On March 23, 1862, the expedition reached Ship island, and on April 17 went up the Mississippi. The fleet under Farragut hav- ing passed the forts, April 24, and virtually captured New Orleans, Gen. Butler took pos- session of the city on May 1, and governed it with great vigor until November, when he was recalled. Near the close of 1863 he was placed in command of the department of Vir- ginia and North Carolina, and his force was afterward designated as the army of the James. While Gen. Grant was moving toward Rich- mond, Gen. Butler made an unsuccessful at- tempt to take Petersburg. In December, 1864, he conducted an ineffectual expedition against Fort Fisher, near Wilmington, N. C., and then returned to his residence in Massachusetts. In 1866 he was elected by the republicans a mem- ber of congress, and soon took a prominent part in its proceedings. He was the most active of the managers appointed in 1868 by the house of representatives to conduct the impeachment of President Johnson. In 1871 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the re- publican nomination to the office of governor of Massachusetts. In 1868 and 1870 he was reflected to congress, of which he is still a member (1873). See " General Butler in New Orleans," by James Parton (8vo, New York, 1863). BUTLER, diaries, an English historian and lawyer, nephew of Alban Butler, born in Lon- don, Aug. 15, 1750, died there, June 2, 1832. He was called to the bar in 1701, being the first Roman Catholic admitted after the passing of the relief bill of that year, and gained a high reputation as a constitutional lawyer. His first work which attracted any attention was Horcs Biblica, a history of the original text, early versions, and printed editions of the Old and New Testaments, and also of the Koran, the Zend-Avesta, and the Edda (2 vols. 8vo, 1797-1807), which passed through five editions and a French translation. This was followed by Horai Jttridiece Subseciva, a connected series of notes respecting the geography, chronology, and literary history of the principal codes and original documents of the Grecian, Roman, feudal, and canon law. He continued and completed Hargrave's " Coke upon Littleton," supervised the 6th edition of Fearne's " Essay on Contingent Remainders," and contributed to Seward's "Anecdotes" an interesting "Es- say on the Character of Lord Mansfield's Fo- rensic Eloquence." He wrote a history of the geographical and political revolutions in the empire of Germany, and a "Historical and Literary Account of the Formularies, Confes- sions of Faith, or Symbolic Books of the Ro- man Catholic, Greek, and Principal Protestant Churches." During his last 25 years Mr. But- ler devoted his pen especially to the vindica- tion of the -Catholic church. He continued his uncle's "Lives of the Saints," and produced " Historical Memoirs of the English, Irish, and Scottish Catholics." When Southey's "Book of the Church " appeared, it was replied to in Butler's "Book of the Roman Catholic Church," which gave rise to a voluminous con- troversy. He also wrote biographies of Fene- lon, Bossuet, Erasmus, Grotius, &c. In 1822 was published the first volume of his " Rem- iniscences," an autobiography ; the second ap- peared in 1827. BUTLER, James, duke of Ormond. See OK- MOND. BCTLER, James, an American soldier of the revolution, born in Prince William co., Va., died in South Carolina in 1781. He emigrated to South Carolina about 1772, took part in Gen. Richardson's "Snow Camp expedition," and afterward in, a similar expedition under Gen. Williamson in 1776. When Lincoln had taken the command of the continental forces of the South, Butler joined him near Augusta in 1770. In 1780 Lord Cornwallis issued a proclamation requiring the people to swear allegiance to the crown. Butler refused to comply, was arrest- ed, lodged in the jail at Ninety-Six, and subse- quently conveyed to the provost of Charleston, and then to the prison ship, where he was kept for 18 months in close confinement. When re- leased, he was summoned to engage in an ex- pedition against a foray of the tories of his pre- cinct, and was killed at Cloud's creek. BUTLER, John, a tory leader during the Ameri- can revolution, born in Connecticut, left his na- tive state before the outbreak of the war, and settled in the valley of Wyoming. Here, at the very beginning of the struggle, he organized a band of marauders and murderers, who were painted and dressed like Indians, but were in reality for the most part Americans in disguise. At the head of these he plundered and burned the villages of that region, and massacred their inhabitants. For these ser- vices the British government on the conclusion of the war granted Butler 5,000 acres of land in Canada, and a pension of 500 a year. BUTLER, Joseph, an English theologian, born at Wantage, Berkshire, May 18, 1692, died in Bath, June 16, 1752. He was educated in the Presbyterian communion, and in 1713 ad- dressed a series of letters to Dr. Clarke stating two objections to the reasoning in his " Dem- onstration of the Being and Attributes of God." About this time Butler adopted Epis- copal views, entered the university of Oxford in 1714, and was soon after admitted into holy orders. On the united recommendation of his