Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume III.djvu/534

5S48 CABOCHE next tlie shackle is larger and heavier than the others, for the purpose of receiving the shackle. The shackle bolts and pins are very important parts of a chain cable. The pin, as well as the bolt, is made of iron, and should he cov- ered with white lead before being put in its place. These pins sometimes become rusted through neglect, which may occasion great difficulty or loss when it becomes necessary to unshackle speedily. For smaller vessels cables are also made with links without stays. These are called short-link cables, the links being shorter and having the sides paral- lel, and the curve in each end just large enough to receive the fellow link. Improvements have been made in the machinery for making chains, in which operations formerly executed by hand are performed mechanically ; but it is doubtful whether they would succeed as well on a large as on a small scale. The manufac- ture of chain cable was begun in the United States in the year 1820, by Messrs. Cotton and Hill of Boston. They worked successfully during 30 years, when, finding they could no longer compete in cheapness with the impor- ters of English-made cables, they closed their works. Several instances have since happened of vessels being lost by the breaking of the chain in fair weather, showing conclusively that the English makers had been using very inferior iron, and that the certificates of proof test accompanying the cables were either spu- rious, or had been delivered for other cables than those sold. These facts called for ac- tion on the part of ship-owners and insurance companies, and Messrs. Cotton and Hill were induced to reopen their works in 1857. A large amount of property, not to speak of human life, has been lost at sea and on the Ameri- can lakes by the use of cheap chains. All the cables and other chains as well as the anchors used in the United States navy are made in the foundery at the navy yard in Wash- ington. The lengths are 15 fathojns between the shackles, and the cable usually contains 11 lengths or 165 fath- oms. (See SHIP.) CABOCHE, Simonet, leader of a French fac- tion in the 15th centu- ry, in the pay of John the Fearless, duke of Burgundy, against the Ar- magnac or Orleans faction. He gave his name to the gang of Cabochians or ecorcheurs (flay- ers), chiefly composed of the powerful corpo- ration of Paris butchers, of which he was a member, who were strengthened by the theo- CABOOL logians of the Sorbonne and other disaffected persons. They seized the Bastile in 1413, in- vaded the royal palace, and forced Charles VI. and the dauphin to wear a white hood, their emblem of liberty, and to pass the ordonnance eapoehienne as a guarantee of political reforms. They accused Pierre des Essarts, a former finance minister and provost, of peculation, and instigated his execution. They were at last put to flight by the citizens under the com- mand of the dauphin, eldest brother of Charles VII., after having made Paris for several years the theatre of pillage and murder. Although their power was broken, they afterward recom- menced a reign of terror, Caboche being the most notorious of the ringleaders ; but he was soon lost sight of. CABOOL, or CabBl. I. The N. E. part of Af- ghanistan, bounded N. by the Hindoo Koosh and Kafiristan, E. by the Punjaub, S. by Sewis- tan, S. W. by Candahar, and W. by the region of the Hazareh. It is about 250 m. in length from N". to S., and about 150 in breadth. It is traversed in the north, where it is very moun- tainous, by the Cabool river, flowing E. from the Hindoo Koosh to the Indus, and its numer- ous affluents. The south is watered by the Gomal, another affluent of the Indus. It is inhabited by Durranis, Ghiljies, Tajiks, and other tribes. (See AFGHANISTAN.) II. The capital of Afghanistan, situated on the Cabool river, immediately above its confluence with the Loghur, at the W. extremity of a plain in a re- cess formed by the junction of two mountain ranges, 6,396 ft. above the sea ; lat. 34 30' N., Ion. 69 6' E. ; pop. estimated at 60,000. The Cabool. citadel, Bala Hissar, or upper fort, built on the declivity of a hill S. E. of the town, contains the palace and other buildings. The town is not surrounded by walls, but is in part covered by weak ramparts. Internally it is divided and subdivided by walls, through which the