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540 CAERLEON along the Orne, the Petit Cours, and the Cours Oaifurelli. The hotel de Valois, built in 1 538 for Nicolas Le Valois, is now the exchange. The prefecture, the theatre, the hall of the univer- sity, and the h6tel de villo are fine buildings. In the hotel de ville is a public library of more than 50,000 volumes. The museum con- tains a fine collection of paintings. The prin- cipal manufacture, that of lace, employs 20,000 women and children. There are four ship yards, and cut stone, quarried in the neighborhood, is exported in large quantities. Caen was strong- i ly fortified by the dukes of Normandy, but | of these fortifications one tower and a castle j are all that remain. It was taken in 1346 by Edward III. just before the battle of Orecy ; j and again by the English in 1417, who held it till 1450. It suffered during the civil and i religious wars of the 16th century ; it was pil- laged by the Huguenots in 1562, and deprived by the revocation of the edict of Nantes, in C.ESALPINUS of ground, 222 by 192 ft. has received the name of Arthur's Round Table ; but it was probably a Roman amphitheatre. In the 12th Apsis of Church of 8t. Pierre. 1685, of most of its skilled artisans. After June 2, 1793, it was the headquarters of the Giron- dists. Here, in the same lunatic hospital, died Beau Brummel and Bourrienne, the secretary of Napoleon. CAERLEON, a market town of Monmouth- shire, England, on the Usk, 3 m. N. E. of New- port; pop. in 1871, 1,268. The parish church (St. Oadoc's) has a tower of the early Eng- lish style. There is a handsome stone bridge over the Usk, and iron and tin works in the neighborhood. It was a Roman station {Isca Sil-urum), and a Roman road, ma Julia, passed through it. It is believed to have been the cap- ital of Britannia Secunda (Wales), and the seat of a bishopric soon after the introduction of Christianity into Britain. It was the seat of the mythic court of King Arthur, and a space Arthur's Round Table. century it was noted as a seat of learning, and contained an abbey of Cistercian monks. Many objects of antiquity, chiefly Roman, have been found in the vicinity, which are preserved in the museum of the town. CAERMARTHEN. See CARMARTHEN. CAERNARVON. See CARNARVON. C3ESALPINIIS, Andreas (ANDREA CESALPINO), an Italian physician and naturalist, born at Arezzo in 1519, died in Rome, Feb. 23, 1603. He was for a time professor of botany in the university of Pisa, and was afterward called to Rome by Clement VIII. to be chief physician to the pope and professor of medicine in the Sapienza college, which positions he retained till his death. He published works upon bot- any, mineralogy, medicine, and the highest questions of philosophy. His philosophical speculations are contained mainly in his Quces- tiones Peripatetics. In his first publication, Speculum Artig Medicce ffippocraticum, he showed his knowledge of the system of the circulation of the blood. The following pas- sage is from the second chapter of its first book : " For in animals we see that the nutri- ment is carried through the veins to the heart as to a laboratory, and its last perfection being there attained, it is driven by the spirit which is begotten in the heart through the arteries and distributed to the whole body." The sys- tem accepted since the time of Harvey could hardly be more definitely or accurately stated. He was styled by Linnaeus the first orthodox or systematic botanist, and his work on plants was .a handbook to Limueus in all his classifi- cations. Botany in the time of Cfflsalpinus was the popular witchcraft; as a science, it consisted in a mass of erudition about the marvellous but imaginary virtues of plants. Caesalpinus sought successfully to transfer it from the realm of magic to that of science. He proposed the basis of classification upon which the whole system of Linnanis rests, namely, the distinc- tion of plants in their parts of fructification, and defined many classes and orders as they remain in the Linnaaan arrangement.