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574 CALDANI ted the rent which the East India company had previously paid for the tenure of the city. The subsequent career of Calcutta has heen peaceful and prosperous. CALDANI, Leopoldo Marco Antonio, an Italian anatomist, horn in Bologna, Nov. 21, 1725, died in Padua, Dec. 30, 1813. He studied in his native place, devoting himself especially to anatomy, and became professor in the university in 1755. He distinguished himself by a series of experiments to prove the insensibility of the tendons, publishing the results in 1757 under the title of Lettera sulla insensibilitd ed irri- tabilitd di alcune parti dealt animali. This work gave him professional fame throughout Europe; but in Bologna itself he met with great opposition, and about 1760 he went to Venice, whence he was called to Padua as professor of theoretical medicine, and in 1771 he succeeded Morgagui as professor of anato- my, holding the office till his death. His prin- cipal works, besides that named above, are Icones Anatomica (4 vols., Venice, 1801-'14), in the publication of which he was assisted by his nephew Florian, also an anatomist of great reputation, and Explicatio Iconum Anatomi- carum (1802-'14). He also published many less important works. CALUARA, Antonio, an Italian composer, born in Venice in 1678, died there, Aug. 28, 1763. At the age of 18 he wrote a successful opera, and for many years devoted himself exclusively to that species of composition. He was for a while instructor in music to the emperor Charles VI. at Vienna. He abandoned the stage on the failure of his opera of " Themis- tocles " in 1736, and during the remainder of his life wrote sacred music. CALDARA, Polidoro. See CABAVAOOIO. CALDAS, Francisco Jose de, a naturalist of New Granada, born at Popayan about 1770, executed by order of Morillo, Oct. 30, 1816, for espous- ing the cause of independence. He -mastered the rudiments of astronomy, botany, and medi- cine, and constructed a barometer and sextant, although he had not even books to guide him in his studies. He accompanied for some time the Spanish explorer, J. C. Mutis. Subse- quently he explored the Andes and the Mag- dalena river, and in 1804 measured the height of Chimborazo and Tunguragua. He was afterward director of the observatory at Bo- gota, and in 1807 commenced the Seminario de la Nueva Granada, a scientific journal, re- published at Paris in 1849, in 1 vol. large 8vo. CALDAS PEREIRA DE SOI 71, Antonio, a Bra- zilian poet, born in Rio de Janeiro, Nov. 23, 1762, died there, March 2, 1814. He studied at the university of Coimbra in Portugal, and spent most of his life in Europe, returning to Brazil in 1808. While at the university he gave umbrage to the inquisition, and on being consigned to a convent devoted himself to the clerical profession. His writings, which are marked by a high moral tone, especially an ode on " Man in the State of Barbarism," were CALDERON DE LA BARCA published in Paris in 1821, under the title of Poesias sagradas e prqfanas, with a commen- tary by Gen. Stockier. A new edition was brought out at Coimbra in 1836. CALDER, a river of England, in the West Riding of Yorkshire. It rises near Burnley, on the E. borders of Lancashire, and flows E. until it reaches Wakefield, where it makes a bend to the north, and joins the Aire near Castleford, after a course of 40 m., for 30 of which it is navigable. It is important as a part of the transportation route across the kingdom from Liverpool to Hull, and is con- nected by canals with Todmorden, Rochdale, Huddersfield, Goole, Halifax, and Barnsley. A small stream in Lancashire, and two in Scotland, bear the same name. CALDERA, a seaport town of Chili, in the province of Atacama, 52 m. W. N. W. of Copia- p6, in lat. 27 S., Ion. 70 57' W.; pop. between 3,000 and 4,000. The town was built about 1840 to serve as an outlet for the mineral pro- ducts of the region round about Copiapo, and is very prosperous. The streets are regular and wide, and many of the dwellings and public edifices handsome; but the inhabitants suffer much from the want of suitable drinking water, which hitherto could be procured only by dis- tilling sea water. In 1872 the authorities be- gan to take measures for the introduction of good water by pipes from the highlands beyond the desert which forms a large part of the prov- ince. A railway about 95 m. long connects Cal- dera with Copiap6 and San Antonio. The bay, though in general shallow, is well sheltered, has a lighthouse at the 8. W. entrance, and a com- modioys mole of recent construction. Trains run to the end of the mole. In 1867 the clear- ances were 350; tonnage, 264,110. CALDERON DE LA BARCA, Frances Inglis, ma- dame, an author, born in Scotland in the early part of this century. Her youth was passed in Normandy. With her mother she came to the United States, and they established a school in Boston. In 1838 she married Don Calde- ron de la Barca, the Spanish minister at Wash- ington. Her husband having been appointed minister to Mexico, she accompanied him thither, and in 1843 published "Life in Mexi- co," with an introduction by W. II. Prescott. She resides in Spain, and receives a pension from the government. CALDERON DE LA BARCA, Pedro, a Spanish dramatist, and next to Shakespeare the greatest of modern playwrights, born in Madrid, Jan. 17, 1600, died there, May 28, 1681. The name of his mother, Ilenao y Riafio, whose family had originally emigrated from the Low Coun- tries to Spain, is occasionally found added to his own. His father, who was connected with the financial branch of the government under Philip II., bequeathed to him ancestral estates in the valley of Carriedo (Burgos), and died before his son had reached his 9th year. He received his education in a college of Jesuits, and at Salamanca, where he studied history,