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578 CALDWELL temporarily residing, was overrun and pillaged, and his wife was killed by a musket shot fired into a room where she was praying with her two children. Mr. Oaldwell was at this time in Washington's camp at Morristown. He was afterward very active in the defence of Spring- field, which was attacked by about 5,000 troops, and is said to have distributed the hymn books from a Presbyterian church among his soldiers for wadding, with the exhortation, " Now put Watts into them, boys." He was shot by James Morgan, an American sentinel, stationed at Elizabethtown Point, during an altercation about a bundle which the sentinel thought it his duty to examine. Much excitement was caused by his death, and the soldier was deliv- ered to the civil authorities, convicted of mur- der, and hanged, Jan. 29, 1782. A costly mon- ument to the memory of Caldwell and his wife was dedicated at Elizabethtown on the 64th an- niversary of the death of the " soldier parson." CALDWELL, Joseph, D. D., an American schol- ar, born at Leamington, N. J., April 21, 1773, died at Chapel Hill, N. C., Jan. 27, 1835. He graduated at the college of New Jersey in 1791, and was for the next five years a tutor there. In 1796 he was chosen professor of mathemat- ics in the university of North Carolina, and in 1804 became president and professor of moral philosophy. He went to Europe in 1824 to obtain books and apparatus for the university, and was devoted to its interests till his death. He wrote a " Treatise on Geometry," and a series of letters on internal improvements. CALEDONIA, the name given by the Romans to that portion of Scotland N. of the Glota and Bodotria, the modern Clyde and Forth, which formed the northern boundary of their prov- ince. The Caledonii were of Celtic origin, and are described by Tacitus as having red hair and large limbs, going naked and barefooted, living in tents, subsisting by the chase and pas- turing cattle, addicted to predatory warfare, and fighting from chariots with spears, daggers, and shields. There were 21 tribes, which were more or less united in resisting the encroach- ments of the Romans and in making incursions into Britain. In the year 84 they were defeat- ed under their chieftain Galgacus, by Agricola, in a bloody battle on the Grampian hills, but were never reduced to subjection. At a later period they were known as Picts, from the habit of painting their bodies, and were joined by the Scots from Ireland in their depredations upon lower Britain. Agricola, and after him the emperors Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Severus, strengthened the natural boundaries by forts and ramparts against their, invasions. The name Caledonii disappears about the be- ginning of the 4th century ; and at a later period the Scots came to predominate over the Picts, and finally gave their name to the country. Caledonia is still used as a poetical designation for Scotland. CALEDONIA, a N. E. county of Vermont; area, 650 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 22,247. The CALENDAR Connecticut river forms its S. E. boundary, sep- arating it from New Hampshire, and several small streams furnish water power for saw and grist mills. Maple sugar is produced in this county in greater quantity than in almost any other in the United States. There are some sulphur springs, and an abundance of granite and limestone. The Connecticut and Passump- sic Rivers railroad traverses it. The chief pro- ductions in 1870 were 49,331 bushels of wheat, 68,222 of Indian corn, 355,938 of oats, 49,084 of buckwheat, 466,680 of potatoes, 66,772 tons of hay, 1,246,300 Ibs. of butter, 130,295 of wool, 1,158,904 of maple sugar, and 31,910 of hops. There were 5,217 horses, 10,650 milch cows, 12,164 other cattle, 27,142 sheep, and 2,405 swine. Capital, St. Johnsbury. CALEF, Robert, a merchant of Boston, Mass., died at Roxbury, April 13, 1719. He wrote a book in answer to Cotton Mather's " Wonders of the Invisible World," which he entitled "More Wonders of the Invisible World" (Lon- don, 1700). It was denounced in pamphlets and from the pulpit, and was publicly burned in the yard of Harvard college, by order of In- crease Mather, then president of that institution. It had great influence, however, in removing the prevalent delusion in regard to witchcraft. CALENDAR (Lat. calendarium, from calendce, the first day of the Roman monfh), a method of numbering and arranging days, weeks, months, and years, or a mechanical contrivance for re- gistering that arrangement. The day is a nat- ural division of time varying slightly in length, but so slightly that a clock keeping mean or average time seldom differs 15 minutes from the time as given by the sun. Civilized nations usually commence the day at midnight, and count two periods of twelve hours each in the day. Astronomers and navigators since the time of Ptolemy commence the day at noon, and number the hours from 1 to 24. The week is not a natural division of time, although four weeks are nearly a lunation, and many periods in the animal economy, such as the incubation of eggs, correspond singularly with weeks. The use of the week in eastern nations from time immemorial is by some ascribed to the effect of divine command, as recorded by Moses, and by others to the number of conspicuous plan- ets. Our common names for the days of the week are Saxon in form, but evidently were borrowed originally from some eastern nation, as the gods to whom each day is consecrated correspond in character to those to whom the days were consecrated by the Greeks and Romans, when they adopted the week from the East; for these nations originally had no weeks. The Greeks divided the month into three equal decades, the Romans into three very unequal periods. The length of the month was suggested, as the word shows, by the moon, which completes her changes in a little less than 30 days. But inasmuch as the solar year does not consist of an even number of lunar months, the months have in