Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume III.djvu/587

CALENDERING CALEPINO 581 but those which have already been partially colored, and are to be filled in with other colors, must not receive that stiffness of finish which would prevent the cloth being stretched one way or the other, whenever it may require slight changes of form, to admit of the exact adjustment of the grounding blocks to the outlines of the colors already applied. The smoothing calender was introduced into Great Britain from Flanders and Holland during the persecution of the Huguenots. It has been im- proved by substituting rollers made of paste- board disks for three of the five commonly em- ployed in the machine, which three were pre- viously constructed of wood, and were conse- quently liable to warp and crack with the heat to which they were exposed. The other two are hollow cylinders of cast iron, constructed of metal 2 in. thick surrounding the internal cavi- ty of 4 in. diameter ; this gives them a diame- ter of 8 in. The cavity admits of the introduc- tion of a red-hot roller or of steam. The paste- board cylinders suitable for the iron ones of the dimensions given are two of 20 in. diame- ter, and two of 14 inches. They are placed in a strong upright iron frame, the small cylin- der in the middle and an iron one above and below it, revolving as a cylindrical smoothing iron between the two pasteboard cylinders, which take the place of the domestic ironing board or table with its cover of cloth. The paper rollers are contrived so as to avoid the defects of the wooden ones, and present a smooth surface to the cloth. Set like a wheel upon its axle, a disk of cast iron at the end of a strong iron bar is perforated with six holes near its circumference for as many iron rods to pass through. Circular plates of thick paste- board, an inch larger in diameter than the in- tended roller, are next laid upon this disk; they are furnished with holes for the axle and the iron rods. The pile is continued to a length as much exceeding that intended for the roller as the pasteboard disks will shrink by the com- pression they will be subjected to. A corre- sponding iron plate is then set upon the other end of the axle, and the rods being passed through and screwed up, the cylinder thus formed is put in a hot apartment or stove to be thoroughly dried for several days, the screws being occasionally tightened upon the rods as the pasteboard shrinks. The surface of the cyl- inder thus obtained is very hard and close. To turn it down to its proper size is a work of great labor, and the best tools are rapidly dulled. They are necessarily of small size, slowly working down the face of the cylinder, as it revolves at the rate of only 40 or 50 revo- lutions per minute. When finished, it presents a hardness and polish far superior to that of wood ; it also possesses great strength, with- out the liability of being warped or injured by the great heat to which it is to be exposed. When set in the frame, they are so arranged that they may bo forced by levers or screws into very close contact with the iron cylinders. The cloth, fed from a roll placed opposite the machine, is carried over the upper pasteboard cylinder, between this and the iron one, then between this and the next below, and so on till it has been four times compressed and ironed. The glazing or polishing of the surface is pro- duced by the middle pasteboard cylinder being made to revolve more slowly than the others, and consequently producing a rubbing effect of the cylinders upon the cloth. By this arrange- ment the former tedious operation of glazing upon a table is rendered unnecessary. A cal- ender contrived by Mr. Dollfus has cylinders of sufficient length to pass through two pieces of cloth at once, and it is also provided with a folding machine, which receives the cloth as it comes out of the rollers, and folds it without the attention of the workmen. By running through two layers of cloth together, one upon the other, the threads of one make an impres- sion upon the other, giving a wiry appearance to the surface. The embossed appearance is produced by rollers of copper, upon the face of which the design is engraved. The proper folding of the cloth preparatory to its being pressed must, like the other operations of cal- endering, be carefully conducted, that the ap- pearance of the finished article shall be free from creases and blemishes. When the folds are completed, the pieces are placed, with thin boards and glazed pasteboard between each, in a powerful hydraulic press. While in the press the parcels are corded and prepared for packing in bales. The measure of the cloth has been taken before the folding, either upon the long measuring table, or by folding the cloth from one side to the other and back upon a graduated hooking frame, provided with two needles upon which each fold is suspended. CALENTURE (Span, calentura, fever), the name formerly given to a febrile disease sup- posed to attack sailors and those living on the coast in tropical climates, and characterized mainly by furious delirium and an irresistible desire to walk into the sea. It is not now regarded as a distinct disease, and the former descriptions of it are thought to have been in great degree fanciful. ( ALKI'IXO, Ambrogio, an Italian lexicographer, born at Bergamo, June 6, 1435, died Nov. 30, 1511. He was of noble birth, and at the age of 16 became an Augustinian monk. He de- voted his life to the preparation of a great Latin and Italian dictionary, which was published at Reggio hi 1502, and in the 16th and 17th centuries acquired a high reputation, passed through many editions, and was greatly en- larged by successive editors. The edition of Basel (1590-1627) comprised 11 languages, in- cluding Polish and Magyar. The last edition was published at Padua in seven languages, in 1772. Calepino was a man of great learning, and from his name was formed the French word calepin, which at first meant a diction- ary, but now signifies a collection of extracts and notes a scrap-book.