Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume III.djvu/604

593 CALICUT CALIFORNIA of about 104 F., and finished by passing through a weak solution of carbonate of soda. The fol- lowing recipes for printing with artificial aliza- rine are taken from a valuable pamphlet by Dr. Frederick Versmann. For red : 5 Ibs. aliza- rine paste containing 10 per cent, of alizarine, 16 Ibs. thickening, 1 Ib. solution of acetate of alumina (10 Bauine), 1-J Ib. solution of acetate of lime (16 B.). For pinks, the same com- pound is used diluted with two or three parts of thickening. For double printing, when deep red is printed on first, the goods must be steam- ed one hour before the second printing takes place; after the second printing they must again be steamed one hour and exposed to the air 24 hours, when they are passed through one of the following baths at a temperature of 120 to 140 F., remaining in the bath from one minnte to one minute and a half: water 250 gallons, chalk 60 Ibs., chloride of tin 3 Ibs. ; or water 250 gallons, chalk 40 Ibs, arseniate of soda 10 Ibs. The goods are then washed and brightened by three soapings, the first soaping containing chloride of tin, and are also washed between ' each soaping. For very deep red, twice the above quantity of alizarine paste is used, and nitrate of alumina is added to the mixture. For purple, the following recipe is given: 3 Ibs. alizarine paste, 10 quarts purple thickening, 6 oz. solution of pyrolignite of iron (12 B.), 12'oz. solution of acetate of lime (16 B.). The printed goods are steamed for an hour or two, and are then aired for 24 or 30 hours and passed in a padding machine through the chalk and arseniate of soda bath, after which they are washed and given a single soap bath without the tin salt. The thickening for reds is made as follows: 12 Ibs. wheat starch, 40 quarts water, 4 quarts acetic acid (6 B.), li Ib. gum tragacanth, 3 Ibs. olive oil; boil well and stir till cold. The thickening for purple is made with 10 Ibs. starch, 27 quarts water, 3 quarts acetic acid, 1 Ib. gum traga- canth, and 2 Ibs. olive oil. CALICUT, a seaport of British India, in the district of Malabar and province of Madras, situated on the Indian ocean, 100 m. S. W. of Seringapatam, in lat. 11 15' N., Ion. 75 50' E. ; pop. about 15,000. The harbor is poor; the situation of the town on the open beach, with neither river nor haven, compels large vessels to anchor 2 or 3 m. from shore in 5 or 6 fathoms of water. The houses are built of sun-dried brick and of teak wood, and are thatched or tiled. There are about 4,000 Por- tuguese in the town, and their quarter has houses of a superior description. The other inhabitants are chiefly Mapillas, English, and Parsees. This port was the first place in India touched by a European navigator, Vasco da Gama having landed here May 18, 1498. In 1510 the Portuguese were driven away ; but in 1513 they were permitted to build a fortified factory. In 1616 the East India company es- tablished a British factory. In 1766 Hyder AH took the town. In 1789 Tippoo Saib de- stroyed the place, compelling the inhabitants to migrate; but most of them returned after the conquest of the province by the British in 1790. By the treaty of 1792 Calicut was given to the East India company and was incorpo- rated into the British dominions. The chief exports are teak and sandal woods, pepper, cardamoms, ginger, turmeric, wax, and cocoa- nuts. CALIFORNIA, one of the western states of the American Union, situated on the Pacific ocean, between lat. 32 20' and 42 N., and Ion. 114 20' and 124 25' W. It is bounded N. by Ore- gon; E. by Nevada and Arizona, following the Sierra Nevada on the line of Ion. 120 W. to lat. 39, thence S. E. to the river Colorado on the 35th parallel, and thence by the course of that river ; 8. by the Mexican territory of Low- er California; and "W. by the Pacific ocean. The outline of this state is very irregular. Its general direction lengthwise is N. W. and S. E., and a line drawn through its centre, fol- lowing the curves of its eastern and western Seal of California. boundaries, would measure about 770 m. The greatest breadth is about 330 m., least breadth 150 m., average about 230 m. In size it is the second state in the Union, its area being 188,- 981 sq. m., which is exceeded only by Texas ; in population it was in 1870 the 24th. It is divided into 51 counties, viz. : Alameda, Al- pine. Amador, Butte, Calaveras, Colusa, Con- tra Costa, Del Norte, El Dorado, Fresno, Hum- boldt, Inyo, Kern, Klamath, Lake, Lassen, Los Angeles, Marin, Mariposa, Mendocino, Merced, Mono, Monterey, Napa, Nevada, Placer, Plu- mas, Sacramento, San Bernardino, San Diego, San Francisco, San Joaquin, San Luis Obispo, San Mateo, Santa Barbara, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Shasta, Sierra, Siskiyou, Solano, Sonoma, Stanislaus, gutter, Tehama, Trinity, Tulare, Ventura, Tuolumne, Yolo, Yuba. California contains eight cities, viz. : San Francisco, pop. in 1870, 149,473; Sacramento, 16,283; Oak- land, 10,500; Stockton, 10,066; San Jose, P,089; Los Angeles, 5,728; Marysville, 4,738;