CALIFORNIA 607 gress, the Yoseinite valley, embracing 36,111 acres, and the Big Tree grove in Mariposa county, 2,589 acres, have been granted to Cal- ifornia to be held for all time as places of pub- lic resort. The Geysers are also remarkable natural phenomena. There is a collection of hot sulphur springs, more than 300 in number, covering about 200 acres, in a deep gorge in the 1ST. E. part of Sonoma county. They are about 1,700 ft. above the sea, and are surrounded by mountains from 3,000 to 4,000 ft. high. Hot and cold, quiet and boiling springs are found within a few feet of each other. (See GETSERS.) There are five natural bridges in California. The largest is on a small creek emptying into the Hay Fork of Trinity river, 80 ft. long, with its top 170 ft. above the water. In Siskiyou co. there are two about 30 ft. apart, 90 ft. long; and there are two more on Coyote creek in Tuolumne co., the larger 285 ft. long. The most noted caves are the Alabaster cave in Placer co., containing two chambers, the larger 200 ft. long by 100 wide ; and the Bow- er cave in Mariposa co., having a chamber about 100 ft. square, reached by an entrance 70 ft. long. The most recently discovered of the great natural wonders of the state is the petrified forest about 75 m. N. of San Fran- cisco, the existence of which was first made public in 1870. Portions of nearly 100 dis- tinct trees of great size, prostrate and scat- tered over a tract three or four miles in extent, were found, some on the surface and others projecting from the mountain side. The silici- fied trees appear on examination to have been conifers. Remarkable mud volcanoes exist in the Colorado desert, where the surface is below the level, of the sea. They cover an area a quarter of a mile long by an eighth of a mile wide, consisting of soft mud through which hot water and steam are constantly escaping, while the mud is kept in continuous movement. The mammoth tree groves are entitled to be ranked among the most attractive of natural curiosities. From its great diversities of surface and general physical peculiarities, California presents innu- merable examples of picturesque scenery and objects of interest to devotees of nature and of scientific research. Until within a few years manufacturing industry was confined to those departments required by the more pressing lo- cal wants ; but recently great enterprise and activity have been manifested in the manufac- ture of woollen goods, lumber, flour, iron, and glass, besides wine, silk, and sugar, which have been produced to such extent as to form arti- cles of export. The great water power afforded by the mountain streams in the N. and E. parts of the state, and the remarkable productions of the soil, give to California peculiar advantages for manufacturing, which have as yet been but partially developed ; but this industry is rapidly increasing in importance. In 1870 the total number of manufacturing establishments was 3,984, employing 604 steam engines of 18,493 horse power, and 271 water wheels of 6, 877 horse power. There were employed 25,392 hands, of whom 24,040 were males above 16, 873 fe- males above 15, and 479 youth. The capital invested amounted to $39,728,202 ; wages paid during the year, $13,136,722 ; value of materi- als consumed, $35,351,193 ; of products, $66,- 595,556. The chief industries are shown in the following table : INDUSTRIES. No. of eitab- liihmeuU. STEAM ENGINES. Hindi employed. CapiUl. W.ge.. Materteli. Products. Num- ber. Hem power. Boots and shoes 420 103 69 115 2 2T 4 16 96 189 22 291 29 17 8 50 114 4 1 1,526 528 299 690 85 647 80 75 889 752 407 4,077 404 586 255 648 676 256 1,834 659 $489,854 177,508 174,878 2,590,400 110,01)1) 775,000 122,000 886,200 1,118,070 658,420 874,000 3.'.. r >iU40 766,600 564.050 1,800,000 848,800 1,749,272 3,500,000 IW1..-U:> U-5.0UO JUV.'d.'M.'i 295,282 84,200 iNi.'.iM 85,000 870,845 64,000 80,789 227,242 90,669 290,458 1,620,626 618,888 586.645 166,000 584,873 486,241 181,000 528,655 230,200 JMD.llM 470,102 514,850 7,404,951 875.1 KHI 633,454 78,900 462.494 696.215 aiK.tsii 448,800 1,986.119 667,667 227,200 8,225,050 448,080 1,927,281 837,800 778,426 608,141 $2,214,807 1,090,270 788,839 9.(r,.SS6 7.->.000 1,189,841 190,120 1,099,207 1,641,174 602,558 1.052,000 5,227,064 1,622,117 1,737,700 8,904,046 1,528,446 8,405,778 1,027,680 1,909,917 1,102,754 " " wometf s 77 1 28 9 2 22 2 20 184 24 18 4 4 89 1 3,466 10 482 95 89 188 80 661 6,796 419 802 1-0, 81 1,257 64 Gold and silver reduced and refined stoves, heaters, and hollow ware Liquors, distilled Lumber, planed
- steam engines and boilers
Printing and publishing, newspapers Woollen eoods . . . 6 485 A branch of the United States mint has been in operation in San Francisco since 1854. The total coinage to June 30, 1872, amounted to 36,970,749 pieces, valued at $347,756,265, of which $338,026,553 was gold and $9,729,712 silver. The entire deposits of domestic gold at the mint during this period amounted to $337,007,047, of which $227,735,528 was the 142 VOL. in. 39 production of California. During the year end- ing June 30, 1872, 3,593,200 pieces, valued at $26,482,080, were coined, of which $25,344,840 was gold and $1,137,240 silver. The deposits of gold amounted to $25,356,270, and of silver $1,039,822. This amount exceeds that of any previous year except 1856, when the total coinage amounted to $28,516,147. The total
