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618 CALIPPOS CALIXTUS PERFECT CALIPHS (of Arabia). Abu Bekr 682 Muktadi 1075 Mustader . 1094 Mustarshid 1118 Eashid 1184 Muktaflll 1136 All 655 Mustaniid 1160 Hassan 661 MuBtadhi 1170 OMHIYAPEB (of Damascus). Moawiyah 1 661 Naslr . . 1180 Uaher 1225 Mustanser 1226 Yezid I 660 Mustasem 1248 125S Moawiyah II 638 FATIJIITES (of Africa). Abu ObeidaUah 909 Merwan I 684 Kaim Abul Kasim SI86 Ahnansour 946 Mocz 858 Omar II 717 Ye/idll 720 Hashem 724 Walid 11 748 Hakem 996 Daher 1021 Ibrahim . . 744 Abu Tainin Mustanser.. 1036 Abul Kasim Mustali 10S)4 Abul Mansur Amer 1101 Hafed . 1130 Merwan 11 744 750 ABBASSIDES (of Bagdad). Abul Abbas (Es-Saffah) . 750 Abu Jaffar Almansour Dafer 1149 Fayez ben Nasrillah 1155 Adhcd 11CO 1171 Mahdi 775 OMMIYADES (of Cordova). Had! 786 Haroun al-Eashid 786 Amin 809 Hashem 1 787 Al Hakem I 796 Mutasem 888 Vathek 842 Mohammed 1 852 Almondhir 886 Muntasir 861 Abdallah 888 Mustain 862 Abderrahman III 912 Mutaz 866 Al Hakem II 961 Muhtadi 869 Hashem II 976 Mutained 870 Mohammed al-Mahdi... 1009 Solyman 1009 Mohammed (reflected). 1010 Hashem (reelected) .... 1012 Hamud 1016 Mutadhcd 892 Muktafi I 902 Muktader 908 Kaher 982 Kahdl 984 Abderrahman IT 1017 Muttaki 940 Kasim 1021 Mustakfl 944 Yahya 1021 Muthi 946 Abderrahman V 1028 Tai 974 Mohammed III 1024 Kader 991 Yahya (reelected) 1025 Kaim 1081 Trnshom III. 10251031 CAUPPIJS, or Callippns, a Greek astronomer, born at Oyzicus in the early part of the 4th century B. 0. He is said to have been a pupil of Plato, and associated with Aristotle in rectifying and completing the discoveries of Eudoxus. Already several attempts had been made to express in entire numbers the three great natural unities of time, the solar year, the lunar month, and the solar day. A century before, Meton had discovered that 19 years corresponded to 235 months, or 6,940 days. Calippus, it is said, by means of a lunar eclipse which occurred six years before the death of Alexander, was enabled to detect in this calculation an error of about a quarter of a day in the 19 years, which he proposed to avoid by quadrupling the cycle and reckoning it at 76 years less one day. This period of 76 years was called the Oalippic cycle, and was adopt- ed by astronomers after the year 330 B. 0. CALIXTINES. I. A branch of the Hussites, so called from their demanding the communion in both kinds, that is, including the cup (Lat. calix), for laymen ; also called TJtraquists (Lat. utraque, in both). (See HUSBITES.) II. The followers of George Calixtus, the founder of the party called Syncretists. (See OALIXTUS, GEOEGE.) CALIXTI S, the name of three popes. I. The first, born in slavery, was bishop of Rome from about 217 to 223, when he is said to have suf- fered martyrdom. II. Guido of Burgundy, born near Besanon, died in Kome in 1124. He was the fifth son of William, count of Burgun- dy, and related to the queen of France, the emperor of Germany, and the king of England. In 1096 he was archbishop of Vienne, and he soon after went to the courts of France and England as papal legate, principally in order to settle the vexed question of lay investiture. In 1119 he was elected to succeed Pope Gela- sius II. lie held councils at Toulouse and at Kheims, at the latter of which the emperor Henry V., while encamped in the vicinity with 30,000 men, was solemnly excommunicated by Oalixtus, in presence of the council. After closing the council Calixtus went to Rome in 1120, where an antipope, named Gregory VIII., had established himself under the pro- tection of the emperor ; but Oalixtus expelled him, and with the aid of the neighboring princes stormed the castle of Sutri, whither he had fled, and made him prisoner. He next attack- ed the Frangipani and Cenci, broke their pow- er, and demolished their castles. In 1121 and 1122 he sent legates to Germany; a diet was held at Wurzburg, and finally the pactum Ca- lixtinum, or concordat of Worms, was conclu- ded. Henry sent ambassadors to the pope, and in 1123 the first Lateran council was held, at which 300 bishops were present, and in this council Henry was absolved, and the question of investiture finally settled. In the remainder ofhis life Oalixtus paid particular attention to the decoration of St. Peter's church, and re- pairing the aqueducts of Kome. III. Alfonso Borgia, a member of the Spanish branch of the Borgia family, born at Valencia about 1380, died Aug. 6, 1458. After having received an excel- lent education, he was promoted to a canonry by the antipope Benedict XIII. (Pedro do Luna), whose party was embraced by Alfonso V., king of Aragon. Having soon after been called to the royal council by Alfonso, he was sent by him to Benedict's successor, in order to induce him to abandon his pretensions; and having succeeded in this mission, he negotiated the reconciliation of his sovereign with Pope Mar- tin V., and was rewarded by that pontiff with the archbishopric of Valencia. In 1444 he was made cardinal by Eugenius IV., as a re- ward for negotiating a reconciliation between himself and Alfonso V. On April 8, 1455, he succeeded Nicholas V. on the papal throne. The ruling idea of his pontificate was the re- vival of the crusades against the Turks, who had just captured Constantinople. He endeav- ored vainly to unite all Christendom in this undertaking. The greatest fault which he com- mitted was the elevation of his two unworthy nephews, Rodrigo Lenzuolo (who assumed the name of Borgia) and Milo, to the dignity of cardinals, the former of whom became after- ward pope under the name of Alexander VI.