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OALMET CALMDCKS 623 by a bridge of boats. The houses are nearly all of wood, though the cathedral, castle, and a few other public buildings, are of stone. The cathedral, a handsome edifice, stands in the great square. The castle, on the mainland, in which the treaty was signed in 1397 which united the kingdoms of Sweden, Denmark, and Norway under Margaret of Denmark, is now used as a house of correction. The harbor is good, and the commerce considerable. The exports are iron, alum, timber, pitch, tar, and stone from the island of Oland. Sugar, snutf, tobacco, potash, and woollen goods are the chief manufactures. CALMET, Augnstin, a French scholar and Ben- edictine of the congregation of St. Vannes, born Feb. 26, 1672, died in Paris, in October, 1757. He began to study theology in the priory of Breuil, but learned Hebrew under Faber, a Lu- theran divine. In 1698 he was appointed to in- struct the younger monks of Moyen-Moutier in theology; in 1704 he became director of the abbey of Munster in Alsace, where he expound- ed the Scriptures ; and he passed thence to the abbey of St. Leopold, near Nancy, in 1718, and to that of Sen ones in 1728. He was ac- tively engaged in his duties till his death, hon- ored by all for his piety and simplicity, and held in regard even by Voltaire. He devoted himself laboriously to archaeological, historical, and theological studies, and left many learned works, among which are the Dictionnaire hia- torique et critique de la Bible (4 vols. fol., Paris, 1722-'8), frequently republished in various lan- guages, with additions (English by Robinson, Boston, 1832) ; and Commentaire litteral sur tons let livres de I'Aneien et du Nouveau Tes- tament (reprinted, Paris, 1713, 26 vols. 4to). CALMON, Mare Antolne, a French political economist, born in the department of Lot in 1815. He studied law, and was a member of the chamber of deputies in 1846-'8. In 1871 President Thiers appointed him nnder-secretary of the interior; in February, 1872, he was elected to the academy of moral and political sciences, and in December succeeded L(5on Say as prefect of the Seine. His principal works are HMoire parlementaire det finances de la restauration (2 vols., 1865), and Etudes det finances de VAngleterre depuis la reforme de Robert Peeljusqu'en 1869 (1870). I U.MI ( KS, a people of the Mongol race, in- habiting parts of the Russian and Chinese empires. They were formerly called Eleutes; the Tartars call them Khalimik, or apostates ; and they call themselves Derben Eret, or the Four Allies. There are four tribes : the Kho- shots, who inhabit eastern Thibet and chiefly the environs of the Koko Nor, which they re- gard as their native seat ; the Dzungars, giving their name to the country of Dzungaria, and for- merly the richest and most powerful ; the Der- bets, or Tchoros, who migrated from Dzungaria in 1621, established themselves on the upper Tobol, became vassals of Russia, and during the last century took possession of the steppe be- 143 VOL. in. 40 tween the Don and the Volga, and are asso- ciated with the Cossacks of the Don ; and the Torgots, or primitive tribe of Dzungaria, who migrated to the Volga to the number of 55,- 000 families in 1662, but, in consequence of vexations received from Russian agents, re- turned in 1771 to the banks of the Emba. The Calinucks are described as one of the ugliest in appearance of all the tribes of men. They are of medium size, robust and broad in the shoulders. Their complexion is swarthy, face flat, fissure of the eyelids narrow and oblique, and the eyes small, black, and far apart ; nose depressed, nostrils wide, lips thick and pro- truding, teeth white and regular, ears long and prominent, head large and flat, and hair coarse and black. They have bow legs, with the feet turned in toward each other. Their ugli- ness is their title to purity of race. The niar- Caltnuck Costumes. riages that some of the Cossacks have contract- ed with them have produced handsome women. Their lariguage is harsh and abounds in gut- turals. They are descendants of the Scythian barbarians of antiquity, and perhaps of the Huns who under Attila terrified the nations of Europe as much by their hideous aspect as by their ferocity. A small number of the Cal- rnucks have adopted Christianity or Moham- medanism, but the religion of the great majority of them is the Lamaic form of Buddhism, with some variations of their own, under the su- premacy of the Dalai Lama of Thibet. They are taught to obey their parents, and to treat their wives and elders with respect. Theft is punish- able by castigation, and murder for the first two times by fine and branding. The Calmucks are nomads, moving about in khotons (tribes). Their tents are of a conical shape ; the floor is covered with a carpet of felt, and in winter with the skins of animals. The household