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CALVERT CALVIN 631 island, invaded the western shore of the Chesa- peake, and, expelling the proprietary govern- ment, compelled Calvert to retire to Virginia. Among other property, the colonial records fell into the hands of these marauders, and were greatly mutilated and in part destroyed. This happened in 1645. Leonard Calvert re- turned two years after with a strong military force, took possession of Kent island, and re- established his rights over the entire province. But he died soon after, having named Thomas Green to he his successor as governor. CALVERT, George Henry, an American author, born in Baltimore, Md., Jan. 2, 1803. He gradu- ated at Harvard college in 1823, and afterward studied at Gottingen. On returning to Ameri- ca, he edited for several years the " Baltimore American" newspaper. In 1832 he published "Illustrations of Phrenology," the first Ameri- can treatise on the subject; and in 1836, a metrical version of Schiller's Don Carlos. Since 1843 he has resided in Newport, E. I., of which city he was mayor in 1853. He translated and published in 1845 a portion of the correspondence between Goethe and Schil- ler, and in 1846 and 1852 published two series of " Scenes and Thoughts in Europe." Among his other publications are " Cabiro," a poem in the stanza of "Don Juan," of which two can- tos were published in 1840, and two more in 1864 ; " An Introduction to Social Science " (1856); "Comedies" (1856); "The Gentle- man" (1863); " Anyta and other Poems" (1863) ; " First Years in Europe " (1867) ; "El- len, a Poem" (1869); and "Goethe, his Life and Works" (1872). CALVI, Lazzaro and Pantaleone, two Genoese painters, sons of Agostino Calvi, of whom the former was born in 1502 and died in 1607, and the latter died in 1595. They were educated together under Perino del Vaga, and painted in concert many pictures in Genoa, Monaco, and Naples. Among their other works, "The Continence of Scipio " is particularly cele- brated. Lazzaro was the more inventive of the two, his brother generally working out the details of their joint productions ; but his dis- position was envious, and his career was mark- ed by atrocious crimes against other painters. Having failed in competition with Cambiaso to secure the execution of the frescoes in the church of San Matteo in Genoa, in a fit of rage he renounced his art, and for 20 years followed the calling of a sailor. At the end of this period he resumed his pencil, and continued to paint until his 85th year. CALVIN, John, one of the leaders of the refor- mation, born at Noyon, in northern France, July 10, 1509, died in Geneva, May 27, 1564. His father, Gerard Chauvin, or Cauvin (some- times written Caulvin), was apostolic notary and fiscal procurator in Noyon ; and his moth- er, Jeanne Lanfranc de Cambray, was a woman of strict religious views. He was educated at his father's expense with the children of the noble De Mommor family. At the age of 12 he was presented by one of this family to the benefice of the chapel de la Gesine, to defray the cost of his education for the priesthood. He was already noted for his memory and dili- gence, as well as for his moral strictness. Among the youth he was known as the " accu- sative." Removed to Paris with the De Mom- mor children, he prosecuted his studies in the college de la Marche and the college Montaigu. At the age of 18, though he had only received tonsure, he obtained the living of Marteville, which was exchanged in July, 1529, for that of Pont-1'Eveque. He preached short sermons, and continued his studies with the greatest as- siduity. After a frugal evening repast, says Beza, he would study till midnight, and in early morning before he rose he would review, all he had learned the previous day. His fa- ther now changed his plans, and sent his son to Orleans to study law under the eminent jurist Pierre 1'Etoile (Peter de Stella). About the same time the influence of his relative Robert Olivetan, who translated the Bible into French, led him to question his traditional faith. By day he pursued the study of the law and by night the study of the Bible, with what com- mentaries he could command, to resolve his growing doubts. In the law he made such pro- gress that several times in the absence of the professor the youthful student was called to fill his place. From Orleans he went to Bourges, where he continued his legal and theological studies. Melchior Wolmar not only taught him the Greek of the New Testament, but also gave him a further taste of heresy. His position in the university was so prominent that he was requested, though only a student, to draw up an opinion, still extant, upon the divorce of Henry VIII., when that question was submit- ted to the faculty. But zeal for the truth of God had now become the passion of his life. He cheered all of like mind, resolving their scruples ; even when he sought quiet, his re- treats became, he says, a public school. The time of indecision was past; such conflicts, such lingering attachment to the past, as we find in Luther and Melanchthon, form no part of the recorded experience of John Calvin. The death of his father, in 1528 or 1530, inter- rupted his university course. For two or three years we hear little of him. From 1529 he was at least a part of the time in Paris struggling with the reformers. In the midst of persecu- tions he gave up the legal profession and de- voted himself to theology. The Sorbonne had just proscribed the tenets of Luther. The con- gregation of Meaux, of some 300 or 400, was dispersed by violence ; Farel had fled ; Leclerc was branded and burned ; Lefevre was in Na- varre; several persons (seven in 1528) had been burned for heresy. Calvin's sermons, usually ending with the words, " If God be for us, who can be against us ? " inspired the timid with new zeal, and the friends of reform looked to him as their champion. At his own expense he now published (April, 1532) an edition of