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CALYPSO CAMBACERBS 637 ty of rolling the body into the form of a ball, by bringing the two extremities of the trunk together. In some rock formations they are found thus coiled up in great numbers. They are abundant both in this country and in Europe, their range being among the lower fossiliferous rocks. In some of the species the structure of the eye is beautifully preserved, showing that, in these earliest formed crustace- ous animals of the most remote geological peri- ods, the same provisions were made for adapt- ing this member to the peculiar necessities of the animal, that are now seen in the compli- cated structure of the eye of the butterfly. CALYPSO, a nymph, according to Homer the daughter of Atlas, who dwelt on the island of Ogygia. "When Ulysses was shipwrecked there, she fell in love with him and retained him for seven years, until the gods compelled her to let him continue his journey. She bore two sons to him, and promised him immortali- ty if he would remain, and died of grief after his departure. CHI, or Grant*, a river of England, rises in N. Hertfordshire, runs in a N. E. course of about 40 m. through Cambridgeshire, is navi- gable by small cralt as far as Cambridge, and falls into the Ouse 15 m. from the latter city, and about 4 m. from Ely. CAM, IMogo, a Portuguese navigator, born in the second half of the 15th century, died toward the beginning of the 16th. He passed Cape Lopo Goncalvez and Cape Catharina, on the coast of Africa, and placed on the southern shores of the Congo river a pedrao, or pile of stones, which henceforward served as boundary between the territories explored and those still unknown. He was the first to put himself into personal contact with the population of Congo, and leaving a few Portuguese sailors as hos- tages behind, he took some of the natives with him to Lisbon. This expedition, which took place in 1484, became of still greater service to science by the astronomical observations of the learned Martin Behaim, who accompanied it. Cam returned to Congo within 15 months, in accordance with a promise which he had made to the natives who went with him to Lisbon, and planted a second pedrao in lat. 13 8. He penetrated as far as lat. 22, and on making his appearance at the court of the black king of Congo, he was received with every demonstration of cordiality, and the king sent an ambassador, Cazuta, with presents to Lisbon. CAMALDULES, or Camaldolensians, a religious order founded in 1012 by St. Eomuald, a Bene- dictine monk of the ducal house of Ravenna, in the valley of Camaldoli, in the Apennines, near Arezzo. Pope Alexander II. confirmed the order in 1072, and an order of Camaldu- lensian nuns was founded in 1086. The habit was white. The rule, which was very severe, was modified in 1233 and 1254. The order was divided into monks and hermits. These united at times under one rule, but were generally dis- tinct. In the 18th century they formed five independent groups, four in various parts of Italy, and one at Grosbois, near Paris. The order disappeared in the troubles of the French revolution, except in Italy, where it subsisted till the general suppression of religious orders. Pope Gregory XVI. was originally a Camaldule. CAMARGO, Marie Anne, a dancer, born in Brus- sels, April 15, 1710, died in Paris, April 20, 1770. Her father, whose name was De Cuppi, was of an ancient Roman family ; her mother belonged to the Spanish house of Camargo. De Cuppi made the arts of dancing and music a means of supporting his family, and brought up one of his children as a painter, another as a musician, and Marie Anne as a dancer, in which art she was instructed by Mile. Pr6vost. On appearing on the stage at Brussels she at once became a favorite of the public. She made her d6but at the opera in Paris in 1726, and became very popular there. The count de Melun abducted her partly by force and partly by persuasion, and kept her for some time a prisoner in his hotel. She retired from the stage in 1734 for some unexplained reason, and returned six years later, when she was received with the utmost enthusiasm. She finally re- tired in 1751 with a pension of 1,500 francs. CAMARGUE, La, an island of France, which forms the S. W. portion of the department of Bouches-du-Rhone, and lies between the E. and W. mouths of the Rhone ; length N. and S., 25 m. ; greatest breadth E. and W., 21 m. ; area, 250 sq. m. It is a delta of alluvium rest- ing on sand, and is supposed to have been formed since the tune of Julius Ceesar. It is protected from the inundations of the river by dikes. In the interior are low lands impregna- ted with salt, reedy marshes, and large lakes communicating with the sea. The largest of these lakes is Valcares. The river valleys are cultivated, and the remainder of the island is devoted to pasturage. The sheep are wintered on the island, but in spring are driven to the pastures on the Alps. The principal products are corn, fruit, timber, rice, and salt. The vine, olive, and mulberry flourish, and madder is raised. The island gives its name to a species of half-wild cattle and horses which are found upon it and in the neighboring marshes. CAMABINA, an ancient town on the S. coast of Sicily, near the marsh or lake of the same name, founded by a colony from Syracuse about 600 B. C. It was an exposed position in the Syracusan, Carthaginian, and Roman wars, and was several times taken, retaken, destroyed, and recolonized. It was at last utterly destroyed by the Saracens, who cap- tured it about 850. CAMARINES. See LUZON. CAHBACERES, Jean Jacques Regis de, a French statesman, born at Montpellier, Oct. 18, 1753, died in Paris, March 8, 1824. He was educa- ted for the bar, and at the opening of the revo- lution was sent as member first to the legisla- tive assembly and then to the national conven- tion. During the trial of Louis XVI. it was on