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644 CAMBRIDGE (UNIVERSITY OF) of privileges from Edward I. (I 291 )- Fuller charters were granted in the reigns of Edward II., Edward III., Richard II., and Henry IV. ; and more ample privileges were given by Henry V., Edward IV., and Henry VII. Elizabeth granted an enlarged charter in 1562, and par- liament in 1572 confirmed this and all lire- ceding grants, with an act of incorporation under the name of the " chancellor, masters, and scholars of the university of Cambridge." Queen Victoria confirmed the charter and privileges by order in council, July 31, 1858. The university consists of the following 17 col- leges : St. Peter's, founded by Hugh de Bal- sham, bishop of Ely, in 1257; Clare Hall, by Elizabeth de Burgo, countess of Clare, in 1326 ; Pembroke Hall, by the countess of Pembroke in 1347; Gonville and Caius, by Edmund Gon- ville in 1348, increased by John Caius in 1558; Trinity Hall, by W. Bateman in 1350 ; Corpus Christi, by two Cambridge guilds in 1352; King's, by Henry VI. in 1441 ; Queens', by Margaret of Anjou in 1448, refounded by Eliz- abeth Widville in 1465; St. Catherine's, by Robert "Woodlark in 1473; Jesus, by John Alcock, bishop of Ely, in 1496 ; Christ's, by Henry VI. in 1456, refounded by the countess of Richmond and Derby in 1505 ; St. John's, by the countess of Richmond and Derby in 1511 ; Magdalene, by Baron Audley in 1519 ; Trinity, by Henry VIII. in 1546 ; Emmanuel, by Sir Walter Mildmay in 1584 ; Sidney Sussex, by the countess of Sussex in 1598 ; Downing, by Sir George Downing in 1800. Each col- lege is a corporate body, bound by its own statutes, but is likewise subject to the general laws of the university. Each of the 17 col- leges furnishes members both for the legislative and executive branches of the government of the university. The former branch consists of a senate, which is divided into two houses, the regents' and the non-regents' house, and of the council of the senate, by which every university grace must be sanctioned before it can be brought before the senate. No degree is ever conferred without a grace for that purpose. The council consists of the chancellor, the vice-chancellors, four heads of colleges, four professors of the university, and eight other members of the senate. The executive officers of the university are a chancellor, a vice chancellor, a high steward, a commissary, the assessor, two proctors, a librarian, a registrar, two moderators, syndics, or officers appointed for special cases, two pro-proctors, three es- quire bedels, and various inferior officers. The university sends to the house of commons two members, who are chosen by the collective body of the senate. The public professors are : the Lady Margaret's professor of divinity ; the regius professors of divinity, civil law, physic, modern history, Hebrew, Greek; a professor of Arabic, and a reader who is appointed by the lord almoner; the Lucasian professor of mathematics ; professors of moral philosophy or casuistry, chemistry, anatomy, botany, and geology; the Plumian professor of astronomy and experimental philosophy; the Lowndean professor of astronomy and geometry ; the Norrisian professor of divinity ; the Jack- sonian professor of natural and experimental philosophy ; the Downing professors of the laws of England and of medicine; the pro- fessors of mineralogy, political economy, and music ; and the Disney professors of archaj- ology, founded in 1831 by John Disney. Be- sides these regular professorships, there are various endowed lectureships. A board of mathematical studies was established in 1848, a board of classical studies in 1854, and aboard of medical studies in the same year. The rev- enues of the separate colleges arc large, and are derived from endowments and fees ; but those of the university are small, and hardly exceed 5,500 a year. The public income of the uni- versity is chiefly from the proceeds of the rec- tory of Burwell, from matriculation and oth- er fees, and from the profits of the Pitt or university press. The professors are paid from the university funds, or by the government, or from estates left for that purpose. The senate appoints some of the professors, the crown others, and still others are elected by special bodies. The mode of admission on the boards of a college is either by examination, or more usually through a graduate's recommendatory certificate, accompanied by a deposit, called caution money. The students are divided into four classes : noblemen, who pay 50 caution money ; fellow commoners, who pay 25, and who receive their name from their privilege of dining (having their " commons") at the table of the fellows; pensioners, who pay 15, and form the great body of the students not on the foundation ; and sizars, who pay but 10, and are students whose poverty prevents their tak- ing advantage of many of the privileges of the university, though they are not shut out from any of its educational facilities. The sizars were once obliged to perform the most menial offices, but for many years this custom has been abolished. The matriculation fees for these classes of students are respectively 16, 11, 5 10s., and 1 5s. There are various degrees of payment for tuition, according to the degree and condition of the members, and slightly differing in the several colleges. The annual unavoidable average expenses of an under- graduate or student are about 70. The terms of the university are three, viz. : Michaelmas, or October, begins Oct. 1, and ends Dec. 16; Lent, or January, begins Jan. 13, and ends on the Friday before Palm Sunday ; Easter, or midsummer, begins on the Friday after Easter day, and ends on the Friday after commence- ment day, which is always the first Tuesday in July. The degrees conferred by the university are those of bachelor of arts, master of arts, bachelor and doctor in divinity, bachelor and doctor of laws, bachelor and doctor in physic, and bachelor and doctor in music. For the requirements in taking these degrees, see UNI-