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640 CAMBRIDGE CAMBYSES and curious books. There are also in the uni- versity a hospital founded by the will of Dr. Addenbrooke in 1753, and three learned asso- ciations, viz. : a philosophical, an antiquarian, and an architectural society. See Five Years in an English University." by C. A. Bristed (New York, 1852; new ed., 1872), and "Lec- tures on the University of Cambridge, Eng- land," by W. Everett (Cambridge, Mass., 1865). CAMBRIDGE, Dukes of. I. Adoiphus Frederick, born in London, Feb. 25, 1774, died July 8, 1850. He was the youngest son of George III., and the uncle of Queen Victoria. He entered the British army as ensign when 16 years of age, afterward completed his education at the university of Gottingen, and returned to Eng- land in 1793. He leaned at first to the side of the opposition on the question of the French war, but afterward sided with the government. He took part in the campaign in the Nether- lands in 1793, and fell into the hands of the French at the battle of Hondschoote, but was soon afterward exchanged. In 1801-'3 he was employed in Hanover, vainly endeavoring to preserve it from foreign occupation. In 1816 he was again sent to Hanover by the prince regent as governor general, and in 1831 was appointed viceroy of Hanover. In 1837, on the separation of Hanover from the British crown, he returned to England. From that period he was chiefly known as the president of charitable societies, and chairman at anni- versary dinners. II. George William Frederick Charles, son of the preceding, and cousin of Queen Victoria, born in Hanover, March 26, 1819. He became colonel in the army in 1837, and major general in 1845. In 1850 he suc- ceeded his father as duke of Cambridge, in 1854 was advanced to the rank of lieutenant general, and in 1856 to that of general. He commanded the two brigades of Highlanders and guards which formed the first division of the army sent to the Crimea. He led these troops into action at the battle of the Alma, and at Inker- man had a horse shot under him. Directed by his physician to withdraw for a time from camp life, he retired first to Pera, and soon afterward to England. In July, 1856, he was appointed commander-in-chief of the British army, and on Nov. 9, 1862, field marshal. He has been living so many years with Miss Fair- brother, who was in her youth an actress of celebrated beauty, that she is generally re- garded as his wife, though they have never been married, and she does not inhabit his offi- cial residence. She has borne him many chil- dren, who are called after their father Fitz- George. Some of the sons are in the army. His sister AUGUSTA, born July 19, 1822, mar- ried on June 28, 1843, the grand duke Frederick William of Mecklenburg-Strelitz ; and his sister MAEY, born Nov. 27, 1833, and very popular in London society, married, July 12, 1866, Count Francis Hohenstein, son of Duke Alexander of Wurtemberg by a morganatic marriage with the countess Hohenstein, upon whom the title of Prince Teck was conferred by the king of Wiirtemberg in 1863, and of duke in 1871. CAMBRIDGESHIRE, an E. county of England, bordering on the counties of Lincoln, Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Hertford, Bedford, Hunting- don, and Northampton; area, 893 sq. m. ; pop. in 1871, 186,363. About three fourths of the county consists of arable land, meadow, and pasture, the remainder being fens. The upper greensands, which crop out near the sin-face in some places, furnish an abundance of the fossils called coprolites, which are of great value as manure. In the higher parts the land produces fine crops of beans and wheat; cattle and sheep thrive on the thin chalky soils, and on the fens; the fens also, when drained, produce abundant crops. The general aspect of the county is flat ; in faot, it lias been redeemed for agricultural purposes, and includes part of the great Bedford level. The rivers are the Ouse, the Nene, the Lark, and the Cam, all small, but rendered useful for inland navigation. The county is traversed by several railways and main roads, but the internal traffic is inconsiderable. Capital, Cam- bridge. The early history of Cambridgeshire is interesting for the resistance offered by the Saxons in the isle of Ely to the Normans. They succeeded for a considerable time in maintaining their independence against Wil- liam the Conqueror. In the civil wars Cam- bridgeshire was favorable to the parliament, while the university supported the king. CAMBRONNE, Pierre Jacques Eticnne, baron, a French general, born at St. Sebastien, near Nantes, Dec. 26, 1770, died in Nantes, Jan. 8, 1842. He served in La Vendee under Iloche, then in Switzerland under Massena, entered the imperial guard, and was renowned for in- trepidity. When the emperor was sent to Elba, Cambronne went with him, and during the hundred days he received the rank of lieu- tenant general and a seat in the senate. At Waterloo he was in command of the imperial guard ; and when the day was lost, being sur- rounded by his enemies and summoned to surrender, he refused, and fell covered with wounds. He was taken from among the dead, nearly dead himself, carried to Brussels, and afterward to London ; but having been charged in France as guilty of an attack on his own country, he gave himself up as a prisoner and demanded a trial. He was tried and honorably discharged. After the revolution of July, 1830, although almost disabled by age and wounds, be was reinstated among the staff officers of the army. CAMBYSES, the second Persian king, suc- ceeded his father Cyrus in 529 B. C., and died in 522. lie is probably the Abasuerus men- tioned in Ezra iv. 6-22 as prohibiting the Jews from rebuilding their temple. He com- pleted the annexations of his father in western Asia, and in 525 conquered Egypt, taking its king Psammenitus captive. He then desired to attack Carthage ; but the Phoenician fleet,