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CAMILLUS CAMI8ARDS 657 1838. The lower slopes of the mountains ap- pear to be well adapted to the culture of cacao, coffee, and sugar, although the banana and the cocoanut are the principal productions. < Mll,U S. Marcos Fnrius, a Roman magistrate, died of pestilence in 365 B. C. His name is connected with some of the greatest events in the history of the republic. His virtues and exploits are recorded, and probably exaggera- ted, by Livy and Plutarch. He appears first as censor in the year 403 B. 0., then several times as consular tribune, five times as dictator, and twice as interrex. Having served during the siege of Veii, and in the war against Falerii, he defeated in his first dictatorship the Falisci, Capenates, Fidenates, and other tribes, ad- vanced to Veii, penetrated through a subterra- nean passage into the city, and thus put an end to its siege, which had already lasted ten years. He made his triumphal entrance at Rome in a chariot drawn by four white horses, and asked the tenth part of the booty, to accomplish a vow to Apollo ; whereupon his enemies accused him of pride and extortion. But he earned new glory by the conquest of Falerii. His con- tinued opposition to the emigration of the peo- ple to Veii rendered him unpopular. Having been charged with embezzling a part of the booty of that city, he left Borne, and was living in exile at Ardea when the Gauls under Brennus invaded and pillaged Rome. He repulsed them from Ardea, was secretly recalled by the de- fenders of the capitol, and appeared at Rome, according to a legend, at the head of an army, ut the moment when the gold for which the Romans purchased peace was being weighed before the conqueror. " Rome buys her free- dom with iron," he exclaimed, and attacking the Gauls routed them twice, had a new tri- umph, was called a second Romulus, and pre- vented the desertion of Rome, now in ruins. He subsequently defeated a coalition of the /Equi, Volsci, Etruscans, and Latins ; was suc- cessful in a war against Antium ; had to strug- gle against the rivalry of Manlius ; endeavored in vain, as dictator for the fourth time (367), to resist the Licinian rogations in favor of the plebs ; and, as dictator for the fifth time, was at the age of 80 again victorious over the Gauls. CAMlNATZIJf, or Cacnmazln, a Mexican king, died in 1521. He was nephew of Montezuma, and reigned over Tezcuco, the principal city of Anahuac. The nobles, priests, and people saw with indignation the humiliation of their king and kingdom under Cortes and the Spaniards. Caminatzin proposed a declaration of war against the foreigners. The proposal was re- ceived with enthusiasm, and Caminatzin called upon the Spaniards to leave the country imme- diately, or to expect to be treated as enemies. Cortes was preparing to march against Tez- cuco, when the representations of Montezuma concerning the defences of the town and the daring of the population induced him to change his plan, and to resort to treason instead of force. At his instigation Montezuma invited his nephew to Mexico to become reconciled with the Spaniards. The answer of Caminat- zin was that he could enter Mexico only to de- stroy the oppressors of his country. Monte- zuma then despatched secret agents to Tezcuco to get possession of the young prince. His officers and friends were corrupted, and he was delivered by them to Cortes and impris- oned. He was released after the expulsion of the Spaniards, and is supposed to have perished soon after in the siege of Mexico. CAHISARDS (so called from the camisa', a kind of smock frock which they wore), French Protestants of the Cevennes, who rebelled at the beginning of the 18th century; they are also called Cevenols. As early as the 13th century the Albigenses and Waldenses had taken ref- uge in the Cevennes, where they were oc- casionally subjected to persecution. After the reformation they adopted the Calvinistic creed. They were of a peaceful disposition, but during the reign of Louis XIV. were subjected to a long series of persecutions. Prominent among their enemies was the abbe du Chayla, who subjected many of them to torture. One night in 1702 a few hundred of them stole to the castle of Pont de Montvert, his residence, seized the abb6, and put him to death. This was the signal of general rebel- lion. The Camisards flew to arms. "No taxes " and " Liberty of conscience" were the devices inscribed on their standards. Among their leaders were Roland, who had served in the army and possessed some military knowl- edge ; Jean Cavalier, a journeyman baker, who evinced remarkable talents; Ravenal and Abdias Manuel, surnamed Catinat. The mar- shal de Montrevel, who was first sent against them, thought that terror and severity were the only means of subduing them ; their villages were burned, and the prisoners hanged or broken on the wheel. The Camisards in their turn burned and pillaged Catholic villages, sacked churches, and massacred priests. Mar- shal Villars, who succeeded Montrevel, tried clemency and persuasion, and brought a num- ber of Camisards to terms, among them Jean Cavalier, who was then the ablest and most popular of their chiefs. But this submission did not bring the contest to a close. Cavalier was denounced as a traitor by his brethren; the other leaders, and especially Roland, con- tinued to resist. But Roland having been killed in 1704, hostilities slackened, the country was apparently pacified, and Villars left it for other service. In 1705, however, Marshal Berwick had again to crush an insurrection. A few years later, through the agency of some Dutch emissaries, a new rising took place in the Vivarais, a part of the Cevennes country ; and its suppression was a hard task for the government of Louis XIV. The Camisards were honest and virtuous people, but their name was wrongfully assumed by troops of rob- bers who, about the same period, pillaged some parts of Languedoc.