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CAMPANIA CAMPBELL 661 experiments with triple eye-glasses, to destroy chromatic aberration. The thermometrical ir- regularities of pendulum vibrations also en- gaged his attention. The younger brother, Giuseppe, was also an optician and astronomer, constructing his own telescopes. CAMPANIA, a division of ancient Italy, lying S. E. of Latium, from which it was separated by the river Liris, bounded N. and E. by Sam- nium, S. E. by Lucania, and S. and W. by the Tyrrhenian sea. The largest river was the Vulturnus; the smaller streams were the Liris (nov Garigliano), Sarnus, Sebethus, and Silarus. It contained several lakes, most of them filling the craters of extinct volcanoes; the largest of them were Acherusia, Literna, Lucrinus, and Avernus, W. of Monte Nuovo. Within its borders are Mount Vesuvius and the buried cities of Herculaneum and Pom- peii. Besides these its principal cities were Baico, Nuceria, Neapolis, Salernum, and Capua. The first inhabitants of Campania were Auso- nes and Osci or Opici, subsequently conquered by the Etruscans. In the time of the Romans, the Sidicini dwelt in the northwest near the frontier of Samnium, and the Picentini inhab- ited the S. E. portion of the country. Campa- nia is now included in the provinces of Naples, Benevento, Caserta, Salerno, and Avellino. The region is volcanic, and the soil extremely fertile. In some parts crops are harvested three times in a year. This fertility, joined with an equable climate, an air mildly tempered by soft sea breezes, and beautiful sce- nery, gave the title Felix to the land, and it ij still called Cam- pagna Felice. The chief pro- ducts are wine, grain, and olive oil. A peculiar kind of white clay or chalk, used extensively in ancient Italy for mixing with alica (grits or cracked grain), was found near Puteoli. Sul- phur was exported from the same locality. CAMPAMLE (Ital., from cam- pcma, a bell), a bell tower, either attached to a church or an independent edifice. The most remarkable specimens are those at Cremona, Florence, Pisa, Bologna, Ravenna, and Seville. The tower at Cre- mona is 396 ft. high, 498 steps leading to the summit. It was begun in 1283, and the bells were cast in 1578. In the third story is a very large astronomical clock, built in 1594. The one at Florence was commenced by Giotto in 1334 ; after his death the tower was continued by Taddeo Gaddi. It is 276 ft. high, and divided into four stories, of which the first and fourth are higher than either of the other two. On the basement story are two ranges of tablets in relief, designed by Giotto, and executed partly by him, and the remain- der by Andrea Pisano and Luca della Rohbia. Above these are 10 large statues, four on each side of the tower. The cost of this campanile was very great, about 1,000 florins for each braccio, which is 2 ft. square. The leaning tower of Pisa was begun in 1174 by Bonan- nus of Pisa and William of Innspruck. It is 179 ft. high, cylindrical in form, and 50 ft. in diameter. The summit is reached by 330 steps. The fact which gives it the name by which it is so well known is that it leans about 13 ft. from the perpendicular. This fault was mani- fest before its completion, and was guarded against by extra braces, and an adaptation of the stone in the highest portion. The seven bells on the top, the largest of which weighs 12,000 Ibs., are so placed as to counteract by their gravity the leaning of the tower. The Garisenda in Bologna is about 150 ft. high, and leans 8 ft. 6 in. The Asinelli in the same place is 293 ft. to the base of the lantern, or inclu- ding that, 321 ft., and leans 3 ft. 6 in. The Seville cathedral has a campanile 350 ft. high. It was originally only 250 ft., the rich filigree belfry, 100 ft. high, having been added in 1568. This tower is called La Giralda, from a brazen figure in the top, which weighs a ton and a half, yet turns with the wind. CAMPBELL, the name of four counties in the United States. I. A S. county of Virginia, lying between James river on the N. and Staun- ton river on the S. ; area, 576 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 28,384, of whom 14,343 were colored. It has an uneven surface and a fertile soil. Iron ore is obtained in some places, and granite is abundant. Oak and pine forests cover much of the hilly part of the county. The Atlantic, Mississippi, and Ohio railroad passes through the N. part. The chief productions in 1870 were 77,057 bushels of wheat, 226,690 of In- dian corn, 175,733 of oats, and 1,761,901 Ibs. of tobacco. There were 1,877 horses, 2,591 milch cows, 3,068 other cattle, 3,569 sheep, and 8,272 swine. Capital, Campbell Court House. II. A N. W. county of Georgia, inter- sected by the Chattahoochee river ; area, 360 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 9,176, of whom 2,587 were colored. It has an irregular surface, and embraces several varieties of soil. Gold, iron, and soapstone are found. The Atlantic and West Point railroad passes through the S. E. part. The chief productions in 1870 were 38,- 478 bushels of wheat, 159,502 of Indian corn, and 2,621 bales of cotton. There were 424 horses, 826 mules and asses, 1,104 milch cows, 1,419 other cattle, 2,731 sheep, and 5,288 swine. Capital, Campbellton. III. A N. E. county of Tennessee, bordering on Kentucky, bounded S. E. by Clinch river, and watered by its affluents; area, 450 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 7,445, of whom 428 were colored. The sur- face is hilly, the central part being traversed