Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume III.djvu/675

CAMPHORIC ACID CAMPIAN 669 to be due to the giving out of a thin film of camphor upon the surface of the water, and the consequent reaction upon the fragment which is its source. Mr. Tomlinson states that he has found the same phenomenon in the raspings of cork steeped in sulphuric ether, in sublimated benzoic acid, potassium, &c. Camphor is read- ily dissolved in alcohol, this taking up about its own weight of it; indeed, 100 parts, of sp. gr. 0-806, dissolve 120 of camphor, forming the camphorated spirit of the pharmacopoeias. "Water added to the solution precipitates the camphor in fine powder. It is soluble in water only to the extent of about 1 part in 1,000. Chloroform is a powerful solvent of it. In medicine camphor is made use of internally and externally. In small doses it increases the activity of the heart, stimulates the cerebral functions, and may produce transient giddiness and headache. In larger doses it at first diminishes and then increases the rapidity of the pulse, the giddiness is much increased, while delirium and convulsions as well as par- tial loss of consciousness have been observed. The effects are usually not of long duration, and some observers have taken considerable doses (Trousseau, 35 grains) with much slighter effects then those described. Fatal poisoning, death taking place by coma, is said to have occurred in one case, a girl, from ten grains. Camphor is used as a nervous stimulant in low forms of fever, also in diarrhoea, cholera, and catarrh. The tincture is used as a domestic remedy in headache and other nervous affec- tions. It has some reputation as a sedative to the genital organs. Dissolved in olive oil, or as recently proposed in chloroform, it forms an excellent liniment. CAMPHORIC ACID. When camphor is decom- posed by the action of strong nitric acid and several times distilled, an acid is obtained of the above name, in fine transparent plates or needles, the composition of which is represent- ed by the formula CioH 7 0,-rHO. CAMPHUYSEN, Dirk Rafelsk, a Dutch painter, theologian, and poet, born at Gorkum in 1586, died at Dokkum, July 9, 1627. At an early age he distinguished himself by his landscapes, which were generally of small size, but anima- ted with huts, cattle, and human figures, and executed with a skill and delicacy to which no former Dutch painter had attained. His paintings are now very rare, for at 18 years of age he abandoned the art to devote him- self to theology. He embraced the doctrines of Arminius, and shared in the persecutions under which Arminianism then suffered. He was expelled from the curacy of Vleuten, and became a fugitive from village to vil- lage, until at last he found a resting place at Dokkum. His poems, which are mostly short, evince much originality and depth of feeling. They have been often reprinted in the origi- nal language, and have been translated into German. He translated into Dutch the Psalms of David. CASIPI. I. Ginlio, an Italian painter, born in Cremona about 1500, died in 1572. Ho was a pupil of Giulio Romano at Mantua, and studied the works of Raphael, Titian, and Correggio. Establishing himself at Cremona, he attempt- ed to combine the excellences of the northern Italian and Roman schools, whence he was called the Ludovico Carracci of Cremona, al- though he conceived the idea of an eclectic style previous to the establishment of the school of the Carracci. His most considerable works were executed at Milan, Cremona, and Mantua. He painted in a free and vigorous manner, and was a fair colorist. II. Bernardino, a kinsman of the preceding, born at Cremona in 1522, died about 1590. He was the scholar and eventually became the rival of Giulio Campi. His chief work is a prodigious composition in the cupola of St. Gismnndi at Cremona, repre- senting an assemblage of all the blessed of the Old and New Testaments, which he completed in seven months. CAMPIAN, Edmnnd, an English author and theologian, born in London in 1540, died Dec. 1, 1581. He studied at Oxford, and was or- dained as deacon in the Anglican church. When Queen Elizabeth visited Oxford in 1566, he was selected to make the oration before her, as for- merly while at school he had been chosen to deliver an oration before Queen Mary on her accession. He went to Ireland, wrote the his- tory of that country, and connected himself with the Roman Catholic church. Endeavor- ing to make proselytes to his new faith, he was seized and imprisoned ; but after a short time he effected his escape to the Low Countries, and soon after joined the English college of Jesuits at Douai, passed his novitiate as a member of that society, and became distin- guished for his piety and learning. At Rome, in 1573, he was admitted a member of the so- ciety of Jesus, after which he resided for a time at Vienna, where he composed a tragedy, which was received with much applause and acted before the emperor; and at Prague, where he taught rhetoric and philosophy for six years. Afterward he was sent by Gregory XIII. on a mission to England, where, on his arrival at the beginning of 1581, he challenged the universities and clergy to dispute with him. His efforts were followed by so many conver- sions as to disquiet the ministry of Elizabeth, and he was arrested and thrown into the tower upon charge of having excited the people to rebellion, and of holding treasonable correspon- dence with foreign powers ; he was tried, found guilty, condemned to death for high treason, and executed at Tyburn. The insults of the populace attended him to the tower, where torture was fruitlessly applied to extort from him a confession of treason or a recognition of the supremacy of the English church, and after his death a fragment of his body was sent to each of the principal towns for exposure. Be- sides his history of Ireland, he compiled a " Universal Chronology," and wrote Narratio