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CANDIA CANDIDO 697 the Porte; but the Turkish government re- fused the proposal. Another collective note from the same powers (Oct. 29) urged the same advice, and the English and Austrian ministers addressed separate notes advising liberal concessions to the Cretans. The Ore- tan assembly (November) asked for exemption for several years from imposts, establishment of banks to develop and foster agriculture, and other measures, all of which the Turkish gov- ernment granted (Dec. 11). The grand vizier was recalled from Crete Feb. 11, 1868, and made an elaborate report on the insurrection. During that struggle the Greeks generally sympathized with the Cretans, which led to a grave complication between Turkey and Greece, afterward settled by a conference of the great powers meeting in Paris, Jan. 9, 1869. Finally, under the pressure of the great powers in fa- vor of Turkey, the Cretan insurrection came to a close. The insurgent leaders submitted to the Turkish government in February, 1869 ; the Greek patriarch, in a pastoral, urged the Chris- tian Cretans to peace ; the island became tran- quil, and the Porte in March reopened all the ports of Crete. Since the last insurrection Candia, forming a vilayet, is governed by a pasha, who is military and civil governor, and has two councillors, one Turk and one Chris- tian. It is divided into five provinces, viz. : Canea, under the immediate supervision of the governor general ; Eetimoand Candia, un- der Turkish pashas with one Christian coun- cillor to each; and Sphakia and Lasiti, under Christian pashas with one Turkish councillor to each. The provinces are divided into 20 districts or kaimakamlics, each of which sends to the general assembly four members, who are elected by the people. The assembly sits an- nually for 40 days, and is presided over by the governor general. The monthly expenses for civil service are 1,500,000 piastres, and the number of paid civil officials is 1,500. The military force consists of 16,000 regulars, sta- tioned in the forts and blockhouses built since the insurrection on the smaller mountains, or near mountain passes, and a gendarmerie of 2,000 mounted men, who are couriers and pa- trols on the roads, and 3,000 men stationed in the towns and villages. The eight forts on the island built by the Venetians are in a dilapida- ted condition ; a fort is now building (1873) on an island in Suda bay; and the naval force at this station consists of one frigate, two cor- vettes, and three steamers, under the command of a rear admiral. The prevailing religion is that of the Greek church, with an archbishop and six bishops. See Hock's Kreta (Gottin- gen, 1823) ; Sieber's Eeie nach der Intel Kreta (Leipsic, 1823); Pashley's "Travels in Crete" (2 vols. 8vo, London, 1837); Capt. Spratt's " Travels and Researches in Crete " (London, 1865); Helena, Die Insel Greta unter der Ot- tomaniseJien Verwaltung (Vienna, 1867); and Bolanachi and Fazy, HMoire de Crete (2 vols., Paris, 1869). II. A town, called by the Greeks Megalocastron, formerly the capital of the island, on the N. coast, 30 m. E. of lietimo and 60 in. E. by S. of Canea; pop. about 16,000, of whom more than half are Moham- medans. It is the seat of the Greek archbishop, and contains several churches, convents, and mosques, one of the latter being named after St. Catharine. The port is poor, and is so choked with sand that vessels of deep draught cannot enter. The fortifications, which are massive, are of Venetian construction, and ruins and other relics of Venetian sway in Candia are numerous. The streets are wide, paved, and shaded by trees ; the houses, though not generally more than one story high above the ground floor, are well built, and fountains and tine gardens are frequent. There are some silk and cotton factories, but soap is the chief manufacture, and employs in its preparation a large part of the oil produced on the island. Candia is connected by telegraph with Rhodes, Mitylene, Cyprus, and the mainland. Not far from the town are the ruins of ancient Cnos- sus. The Saracens founded Candia about 823, but for more than four centuries the Venetians had possession of it. In 1648 the city, then containing more than four times its present population, was blockaded by the Turks. It was assaulted, but in vain, in 1649 and in 1656, and the blockade was continued till 1667, when a regular siege began. During that pe- riod the Venetians were reenforced by aux- iliaries from the order of Malta, the pope, the duke of Savoy, and Louis XIV. ; but in Sep- tember, 1669, having exhausted every resource, they surrendered. In the last three years of the blockade and siege about 30,000 Christians and 70,000 Turks were killed. CANDIAC, Jean Louis Philippe f lisabeth Mont- flm de, a precocious French child, a brother of the marquis de Montcalra, born at the cha- teau de Candiac, in the present department of Gard, Nov. 7, 1719, died in Paris, Oct. 8, 1726. The child possessed remarkable powers of memory, and is said to have been able to read French and Latin at the age of 3, and Greek and Hebrew at 6, and to have acquired some knowledge of arithmetic, heraldry, geography, and history. He died in his 7th year, from dropsy of the brain. CiNDIUO, Pietro (a name adopted in Italy for his real name, PIETEE DE WITTE), a Flemish painter and sculptor, born at Bruges about 1545, died at Munich in 1628. In Italy he made many cartoons to be worked in tapestry for the grand duke of Tuscany. Ho afterward went by invitation of the elector of Bava- ria to Munich. His principal paintings are of a religious character, as the "Annunciation," "Last Supper," " Christ with the Disciples at Emmaus," and " Holy Women at the Tomb of the Saviour." In Munich he painted a series of frescoes representing events in the life of Otho of Wittelsbach, which were whitewashed over, but were preserved in tapestries, and were engraved by Amling. His most celebra-