Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume III.djvu/710

700 CANDOLLE CANE I. DELIA SCALA cals. He is specially known as one of the lead- ers and the historian of the Free church move- ment in Scotland. CANDOLLE. I. Angnstin Pyramns de, a Swiss botanist, born in Geneva, Feb. 4, 1778, died there, Sept. 9, 1841. Up to the age of 16 poetry and literature were his favorite studies; but subsequently he devoted himself to the study of natural history, especially of botany, which became his favorite pursuit. In 1799 he com- menced the publication of the Histoire des plantea grasses, of which the 4th and last vol- ume appeared in 1803. In 1802 he became as- sistant professor to Cuvier at the college de France, and was elected honorary professor of natural history at the academy of Geneva. In 1803 his notable essay Sur la fertilisation des dunes appeared in the Annales de Vagri- culture franf aise ; and in 1804, upon receiv- ing his degree of doctor of medicine, he publish- ed an Essai sur leg proprietes medicinales des plantes. He also prepared a sketch of his lec- tures for Lamarck's third edition of La flore francaise, which was enriched by 6,000 ad- ditional species of plants accurately described, a table of synonymous botanical terms, a bo- tanical synopsis, and all the additions and emendations required by the new developments of vegetable anatomy and physiology. The work was not completed till 1815, but the ap- pearance of the first volumes placed De Can- dolle in the foremost ranks of botanical science. In 1806 he was commissioned to visit all the provinces of the French empire, then including Belgium, northern Italy, and the countries on the Rhine, and report upon their agricultu- ral condition. Six years were devoted to this task, and six successive reports, embodying the results of his observations, were published in the memoirs of the agricultual society of the department of the Seine. In 1807 he became professor of botany in the medical faculty of Montpellier, and in 1810 was appointed to the same chair in the faculty of sciences. In 1813 he published the Theorie elementaire de la bo- tanique (3d ed. by his son, Alphonse de Can- dolle, 1844), a work remarkable for its pro- found analysis and scientific views of method, which was translated into German, English, and Spanish. In 1815 he was appointed rec- tor of the university of Montpellier ; but he resigned and returned to Geneva, where a chair of natural history and a botanical garden were established especially for him. In 1818 he be- gan the publication of the Regni Vegetabilu Syetema Naturale. Two volumes only of this gigantic work appeared ; but he continued the same plan in a modified form, in his Prodro- mes Systematic Regni Vegetal/His, seu Enume- ratio Methodiea Ordinum, Generum, Specie- rumque, &c., which appeared in Paris in 1824 and following years. After his death this elabo- rate work was continued by his son, assisted by other able botanists, the 15th volume being completed in 1866. Besides the works already named, he published a number of other books and dissertations. De Candolle was not only distinguished as a botanist, but also as a citizen. His Rapport sur les magasins de siibsistances contains many luminous ideas on political economy. II. Alphonse Lonis Pierre Pyramns de, son of the preceding, born in Paris, Oct. 27, 1806. He received his diploma as doctor of law at Geneva in 1829 ; but devoting himself to botany, he assisted his father, and on his death in 1841 succeeded him for 18 years as professor at the academy of Geneva, and was at the same time director of the botanical garden. He was elected corresponding member of the French academy in 1851. Besides his continua- tion of his father's Prodromus, he has publish- ed Oeographie botanique rauonnee (2 vols., 1855), Histoire des sciences et des savants depuit de Candolle (Geneva, 1873), &c. CANDY, Candi, or Kandy (Cingalese, MaJiar Nuwara, great city), a town of Ceylon, capital of a kingdom of the same name till 1815, when it came into possession of the British. It stands on the shore of an artificial lake, in an amphitheatre of beautifully wooded hills, near the centre of the island, 80 m. E. N. E. of Colombo, and 95 m. S. W. of Trincomaleo ; pop. about 8,000. The residence of the British governor here is the finest edifice in Ceylon ; and besides this the town contains the resi- dence of the major general, the king's palace, a Buddhist temple, several churches of various denominations, and a number of other notable buildings. In the centre of the lake is a mili- tary magazine, and just outside the town a royal cemetery, containing the remains of a long line of native kings and heroes. The lake of Candi, which was formed by the last king, and is 1,680 ft. above the sea, is a beautiful sheet of water, about 1-J- m. in length, and from 100 to 500 yards in breadth. CANE. See BAMBOO, and SUGAR. CANE, or Ken, a river of Bundelcund, India. It rises at an elevation of 1,700 ft. above the sea, in lat. 23 54' N., Ion. 80 13' E., and for 35 m. from its source takes a N. E. course, when it falls in a cataract over the N. brow of the Bandair range. After a sharp bend to the W. it turns again to the N. E., and pursues that general course until it empties into the Jumna at Chilatara. Its length is about 250 m. Rap- ids and cataracts make the greater part of its course unnavigable. CANE I. DELLA SCALA, surnamed the Great, popularly known as Can Grande or Cangrande (i. e., great dog, a name supposed to be derived from the figures of mastiffs in the armorial bearings of the family), an Italian ruler and warrior, celebrated by his friendship for Dante, born in Verona in 1291, died in Treviso, July 22, 1329. The scion of an illustrious local dy- nasty, he acquired greater renown than any of his kinsmen in the capacity of podestd or sove- reign prince of Verona, as successor of his brother Alboino (Jan. 1, 1312). Having pre- viously taken Vicenza from the Guelphs of Padua, he made them sign a treaty (1314) by