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BONN BONNER 69 placed in 1865 on the beautiful promenade of the Alte Zoll, and his house and garden have been presented to the town for conversion into a turners' hall. Bunsen died here in 1860. The monument of Niebuhr, by Rauch, is in the cemetery outside the Sternen gate. A. W. von Schlegel and Schumann were also buried here. The cathedral or minster, surmounted by five towers, contains a bronze statue of St. Helena, the mother of Constantine the Great, and sup- posed founder of the church. The central tower, the windows of the nave, and the clois- ters are its most remarkable parts. The church of St. Remigius contains a picture by Spielberg of the baptism of Clovis. A Protes- tant church has been established since 1864. The town hall, on the market place, is a hand- some modern building ; but the most renowned public edifice is the university, the chief source of the celebrity and prosperity of Bonn, and the most elegant and extensive academical building of Germany. It was formerly an electoral pal- tTnivoreity of Bonn. ace, and contains a hall decorated with fres- coes, lecture rooms, a library with over 200,- 000 volumes, a museum of Rhenish antiquities, a cabinet of natural history, and an archaeologi- cal museum. There are separate buildings for the anatomical theatre and chemical labora- tory. The villa of Poppelsdorf, formerly an electoral chateau, a mile from the town, belongs to the university, and contains apartments for the officers and professors, lecture rooms, galle- ries of painting, and a collection of natural his- tory. Here are situated the botanical gardens, an agricultural institute with an area of over 100 acres, and a manufactory of earthenware and pottery. On the fine road to Poppelsdorf is the observatory. The university was found- ed in 1786 by the archbishop Maximilian Fred- erick. In 1802 it was converted by the French into a lyceum, but restored upon a much larger scale in 1818 by Frederick William III., and provided by him with the present palace. There are five faculties, namely, of Protestant and Roman Catholic theology, medicine, juris- prudence, and philosophy; the teachers in- clude about 90 professors and adjuncts, and the number of students is nearly 900. Prince Albert and his son Prince Alfred studied here, and among the professors have been some of the most learned men of Germany. Bonn oc- cupies the site of the ancient Bonna, a town of the Ubii, afterward a Roman stronghold, in- cluded in Germania Secunda. According to Tacitus, Civilis here defeated the Roman troops under Gallus. Bonn is said to have embraced Christianity in the year 88. It was destroyed in 355 by German tribes, and rebuilt in 359 by Julian; and it was again almost ruined by the Northmen in 881. .The archbishop of Cologne surrounded the town with walls in 1240, and conferred many privileges upon it ; and the emperor Charles IV. was crowned here in 1346. The French took it in 1673, surrendered it to the prince of Orange and Montecuculi in the same year, regained possession in 1688, and lost it in 1689, when it was bombarded and captured by Frederick III., elector of Bran- denburg. In 1703 it was taken by Coehorn after three clays' bom- bardment, and most of the fortifications were razed in 1717. It was under French domina- tion from 1801 to 1814, when it was made part of Prussia. BONNER, Edmund, an English bishop, born at Hanley, Worcester- shire, about 1495, died in the Marshalsea pris- on, London, Sept. 5, 1569. His reputed father was a sawyer, but some affirm that he was the illegitimate son of a priest. In 1512 he entered Pembroke college, Oxford, where in 1519 he took the degrees of bachelor of the canon and civil laws, and was soon after ordained. By 1525 he had attained the de- gree of doctor, and was appointed chaplain to Wolsey. After the fall of Wolsey he became a favorite of Henry VIIL, and received several livings. Much of his promotion was due to the favor of Thomas Cromwell, into whose schemes for religious reformation he warmly entered. In 1532 he was sent as envoy to Rome, and the next year to Marseilles, where Pope Clement VII. then was, to appeal to a general council from the papal decree of ex- communication against Henry VIIL on ac- count of his divorce from Catharine of Aragon. In 1538, while on an embassy to Paris, he was