Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume III.djvu/767

CAPITOLINE GAMES CAPIZ 757 marble ; the famous statue of the " Dying Gladi- ator ; " the " Antinous of the Capitol," found in Hadrian's villa, one of the most perfect statues in existence ; the " Faun " of Praxiteles, finer than that-in the Vatican; the "Faun" in rosso anti- co, notable for the rarity of the material and its line sculpture ; and a sarcophagus with bass re- liefs of the battle of Theseus and the Amazons, containing one group which Flaxman pro- nounces among the best specimens of ancient reliefs. In the hall of illustrious men are 93 busts of famous Greeks and Romans, many of them of doubtful authenticity. In the hall of the emperors, besides numerous bass reliefs, is a series of 83 busts of emperors and empresses. The hall of the doves contains an exquisite mo- saic, representing four doves drinking, formed of pieces of natural stone so small that 160 are contained in a single square inch. In the "re- served cabinet," not open on public days, is the famous "Venus of the Capitol," which was found walled up in a chamber so carefully that the only parts fractured were the point of the nose and one of the fingers. CAPITOLINE GAMES (ludi Capitolini), annual games instituted on the suggestion of Camillus, 387 B. 0., in honor of Jupiter Capitolinus, and in commemoration of the preservation of the Capitol from the Gauls. One of the amuse- ments at these games was to offer the Sardiani for sale by auction. These Sardiani are by some supposed to have been Sardinians, and by others Veiians. The games fell into disuse, and were revived by Nero, who modelled them after the Olympic games, and endeavored to introduce a new method of computation of time, reckoned, like the Olympiads of Hellenic chronology, from the quinquennial celebration of the ludi Capitolini. CAPITOLINUS, .lulins, a Roman historian, who lived toward the end of the 3d century, and wrote the lives of nine emperors. He is one of the writers of the Historia Augusta, in the editions of whom his works are to be found. CAPITULATION. I. In war, the act of sur- rendering to the enemy upon stipulated terms. Among the most remarkable capitulations re- corded in history are those which took place during the last ten years: of Vicksburg, July 4, 1863, when 27,000 confederates, under Gen. Pemberton, surrendered to Gen. Grant; of Appomattox Court House, April 9, 1865, when Gen. Lee, with 28,000 confederates, surrendered to Gen. Grant ; of Raleigh, April 26, 1865, when the confederate force un- der Gen. J. E. Johnston, upward of 30,000 strong, surrendered to Gen. Sherman; of Sedan, Sept. 2, 1870, when Napoleon III., with 83,000 men, 70 mitrailleuses, 400 field pieces, and 150 fortress guns, surrendered to the Germans; of Metz, Oct. 27, 1870, when the French under Marshal Bazaine, 173,000 men, 66 mitrailleuses, 541 cannon, and 53 eagles, surrendered to the Germans. II. A reduction into heads or articles; in German constitu- tional history, applied to a contract which the German electoral princes entered into with the German emperor, before he was raised to the imperial dignity. The first of these capitula- tions was exacted from Charles V. in 1519, by the German princes who feared that the king of Spain would not respect the limita- tions put upon him by the constitution of the German empire. They accordingly drew up a capitulation, reciting the privileges they demanded, to the observance of which Charles V. was compelled to swear. The last of these imperial capitulations was sworn to by the em- peror Francis II., July 5, 1792. CAPITULARIES, certain laws enacted under the Frankish kings, and so named from the circumstance of their being divided into capi- tula, or chapters. They were issued by Childe- bert, Clothaire, Carloman, and Pepin, but still more extensively by Charlemagne, whose ob- ject appears to have been to harmonize, ex- plain, or amend the existing feudal codes, and effect to some degree a uniformity of law in his dominions. These enactments were both civil and ecclesiastical ; according to Savigny, the latter were of force throughout the three king- doms subject to the race of Charlemagne, but the former were valid only within the state in which they originated. The capitularies were promulgated in the public assemblies, composed in Charlemagne's day of the sovereign and chief clerical and lay dignitaries, though in earlier times all those capable of bearing arms seem to have taken part in them. The laws were inscribed among the royal archives in the Latin tongue, and published to the people in the vernacular. Their execution was intrusted to the bishops, the courts, and the officers called missi regii, who were sent under the French kings of the first and second race to administer justice in the provinces. The earliest enact- ment coming under the name of capitulary was made by Childebert in 554, and the latest by Charles the Simple, who died in 929. The first collection of the capitularies was begun in 827 by Ansegisus, abbot of Fontenelle, and continued by Benedict the Deacon, of Mentz. It was approved by various kings and councils, and had the force of law. Additions were subsequently made to this collection, and the first complete edition was published by Vitus Amerpachius at Ingolstadt in 1545, under the title of Prcecipuoj Oonstitutiones Caroli Magni de Rebus ecclesiasticis et civilibw. The best edition is that of Baluze, entitled Capitularia Regum Francorum, &c. (2 vols. fol., Paris, 1077 ; new eds., Venice, 1771, and Paris, 1780). CAPIZ, a town of the Philippine islands, capital of a province of the same name in the island of Panay, situated in a plain near the sea, and surrounded by three rivers, the Panay, Panitan, and Ivisan; pop. 12,000. Some of the houses are constructed of stone, others of nipa palm. The town is defended by a small fort and garrison; it is sometimes inundated in the rainy season. The inhabitants divide their attention between commerce and fishing.