Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume III.djvu/794

784 CARDWELL CAREY CARDWELL. I. Edward, an English clergy- man, born at Blackburn, Lancashire, in 1787, died in Oxford-, May 23, 1861. He studied at Oxford, in 1809 became fellow of his college, tutor, and lecturer, and in 1814 was appointed one of the university examiners. In 1826 he was elected Camden professor of history, and in 1831 principal of St. Alban'shall, succeeding Archbishop Whately. He also held a college living, was for many years a member of the governing council of the university, and was the private secretary of three successive chancellors. He wrote several works bearing upon English ecclesiastical history and "Lectures on the Coinage of the Greeks and Romans," and edited Aristotle's "Ethics," Josephus's " History of the War of the Jews," and a variorum edition of the Greek Testament, with a marginal har- mony and notes. II, Edward, an English states- man, nephew of the preceding, born in Liver- pool in 1813. His father was a wealthy mer- chant. He took a double first-class degree at Oxford in 1835, and was called to the bar in 1838. He was elected to parliament for Clith- eroe in 1842, and as a supporter and friend of Sir Robert Peel, one of whose literary execu- tors he became, he was returned for Liverpool in 1847; but he failed to be returned for that city and also for Ayrshire in 1852, and has repre- sented the city of Oxford almost uninterruptedly since January, 1853, as a liberal conservative. He was secretary of the treasury from Feb- ruary, 1845, to July, 1846; president of the board of trade from December, 1852, to Feb- ruary, 1855 ; chief secretary for Ireland from June, 1859, to July, 1861 ; from the latter period till April, 1864, chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster ; and afterward secretary for the colonies till July, 1866. In December, 1868, he was appointed a member of the council of education and secretary of state for war, which office he continues to hold (1873). CAREJHE, Marie Antolne, a French cook, born in Paris, June 8, 1784, died Jan. 12, 1833. In 1804 he had reached such a degree of pro- ficiency as a cook that he entered Prince Tal- leyrand's kitchen, where he gained an unpar- alleled reputation. He was afterward employed by the prince regent of England (George IV.), and by the emperors of Russia and Austria. He also evinced his talents at the congresses of Aix-la-Chapelle, Laybach, and Verona, re- mained some time at the court of Wurtemberg, and finally returned to France, where his ser- vices were secured by Baron James Rothschild. Careme was an artist in his line, always eager for progress and improvement; he peculiarly excelled in pastry, and the general arrangement of serving the table. He published Le pAtisiier ^Moresque, illustrated by 128 plates ; Le c-uisi- nier paruien ; Le pdtissier royal parisien ; and Le maitre (Vhotel franfais, a comparison between ancient and modern cooking. CAREW, Thomas, an English poet, born in Gloucestershire about 1589, died in 1639. He studied at Oxford, and afterward became gen- tleman of the privy chamber to Charles I. He enjoyed the friendship of Ben Jonson and other poets of the day, and at court he was much esteemed for the vivacity of his wit and the elegance of his manners. He wrote sonnets and amorous poetry, and a masque set to mu- sic by Henry Lawes, called Ccelum Britanni- cum. It was performed by the king and nobles, at Whitehall, on Shrove Tuesday, 1633. Two of the best pieces in his collected works also appear among the works of Herrick. CAREY. I. Henry, an English poet and musi- cian, a natural son of George Savile, marquis of Halifax, born near the end of the 17th cen- tury, committed suicide, Oct. 4, 1743. " God save the King " has been attributed to him, and the ballad of " Sally in our Alley " is his. In 1729 he published a volume of poems, and in 1732 six cantatas written and set to music by himself. He wrote several operatic farces, two of which, " Chrononhotonthologos" (1734) and " The Dragon of Wantley " (1737), met with great success. His songs were pub- lished in 1740, and his dramatic works in 1743. II. George Savile, an English dramatic poet, son of the preceding, died in 1807. He was first a printer, but became an actor, and spent 40 years in composing and singing popular and patriotic songs. He was also the author of several farces. CAREY, Henry ('harks, an American politi- cal economist, son of Mathew Carey, born in Philadelphia, Dec. 15, 1793. He was educated as a bookseller, entering his father's store at the age of 8, and remained there, mingling his elementary studies in literature with business, till 1814, when he became a partner in the firm. This association continued till his father retired in 1821. He then became the leading partner in the firm of Carey and Lea, and sub- sequently in that of Carey, Lea, and Carey, in their time the largest publishing house in the country. In 1824 he established the system of trade sales, as a medium of exchange be- tween booksellers. In 1835, after a successful career, he withdrew from business, to devote himself to the study of political economy. Ori- ginally a zealous advocate of free trade, he became convinced that real free trade with foreign countries was impossible in the existing state of American industry, and that a period of protection must first be gone through with. In this view, free trade is the ideal toward which we ought to tend, and protection the indispensable means of arriving at it. He is rec- ognized as the founder of a new school of po- litical economy, opposed to the rent doctrine of Ricardo and the Malthusian theory of popula- tion. The leading principles of his system are, briefly, that in the weakness of savage isola- tion man is subject to nature, and that liis moral and social progress are dependent on his subjecting nature to himself; that the land, worthless in itself, gains all its value from hu- man labor; that the primitive man, without tools and without science, of necessity begins