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134 CAUCASUS CAUCHY cient history makes frequent mention of the Caucasus. Here Prometheus was chained. Deucalion, Pyrrha, and the Argonauts, Sesos- tris and the Egyptians, the Scythians, Mithri- dates, Pompey, and Trajan are associated with its history. The Arabs, Tartars, and Turko- mans successively ravaged the country to its base. Russia and Persia then struggled for its possession, until in 1813 the Russians, after having occupied Mingrelia, Imerethia, and Georgia, became nominally possessed of the S. E. parts of the mountains by treaty. A desultory warfare of several years ended by the mountaineers being reduced to a condition nearly approaching subjection. But in 1823 a new movement sprung up in the mountains. Mohammed, the mollah, commenced against the Russians a campaign in Daghestan. A chieftain named Kasi-Mollah was soon recog- nized as the head of the movement, having for his aid a young man named Shamyl. In 1829 the N. W. portion of the mountains fell into the hands of the Russians by the treaty of Adrianople, but the Circassians soon rose in arms against them. The various tribes now united in resistance, but the Lesghians and Tchetchentzes bore the brunt of the struggle. Kasi kept up a resistance to the Russian power till 1831, when ho was shut up in Himry. The Russians stormed the place, and the chief was slain. Hamsad Bey next took the field, but his career was cut short by assassination. The mollah Mohammed being now dead, Shamyl was elected his successor, and carried on the war with varying success. In 1837 Shamyl inflicted a severe defeat on the Russians under Gen. Ivelitch. During 1838 the Caucasians were employed in pre- paring themselves for future resistance. The passes of the mountains were fortified, and the strong position of Akulgo was put in readiness to stand a siege. In 1839 the Rus- sians, under Gen. Grabbe, entered the territory, defeated the Caucasians, and drove them back upon Akulgo, which was finally taken, Aug. 22, after a blockade of 72 days, and three days' hand-to-hand fighting. The Caucasians once more nominally succumbed to the Rus- sian power, but in March, 1840, they again re- volted. Having found European tactics inef- fective in the previous campaign, they fell back on their old system of guerilla warfare. Gen. Grabbo again attempted to penetrate into the mountains, but was compelled to retreat. The next attempt was made in 1845 by Prince Vorontzoft', governor general of the Russian Caucasian provinces. He penetrated to Dargo, which he found in flames. The campaign be- ing over, n new plan of action was introduced against the mountaineers. Hitherto the tactics had been to bring them to pitched battle, with the hope of breaking their strength at a single blow. Now the plan was to send detached columns against isolated spots, and wherever a footing was obtained to erect a fort on it. Not- withstanding this, the Caucasians continued to carry on offensive operations. In 1846 they swept the line of Russian forts, and returned to their mountains laden with plunder. In 1848 and 1850 they made similar expeditions, and in 1853 they took from the Russians sev- eral guns, and drove them back from eight leagues of territory. During the Crimean war there was a pause in the operations in the Caucasus. In 1856 the Russians opened a war- fare, which they continued till April, 1859, when the capture of the stronghold of Veden virtually decided the contest. Shamyl retreated to his last stronghold, the mountain fort of Ghunib, near the Caspian sea. Here, on Sept. 6, he was defeated after a desperate conflict and forced to surrender, and was carried a prisoner to Moscow and St. Petersburg, but treated with the utmost consideration. The Caucasus had in many parts become desolate. The bulk of surviving Circassians emigrated to Turkey. (See SHAMYL.) CAUCASUS, Indian. See HiNDoo-Koosn. CAUCHON, Joseph, a Canadian statesman and journalist, born in Quebec in 1820. He studied law, but, though admitted to the bar, never prac- tised. In 1844 he was elected to the legislature for the county of Montmorency, and has been a member of parliament since that time. In 1851 he was ottered a seat in the cabinet, but declined. The next year he attempted to form a French Canadian conservative opposition, but without success. In 1855 he became a member of the administration as commissioner of crown lands, and under his name a report was published attacking the monopoly of the Hudson Bay company. From 1867 to 1872 he was speak- er of the senate. He afterward resigned his place in the administration and went into opposition. In 1842 he founded the " Quebec Journal," and has conducted it ever since. CAUCHY, Angnstln Louis, a Frencli mathema- tician, born in Paris, Aug. 21, 1789, died May 23, 1857. Admitted in 1805 to the polytech- nic school, he distinguished himself by the solu- tion of difficult problems. He was admitted to the academy in 1816, and about the same time appointed professor of mechanics in the poly- technic school. The journals of the academy and several European mathematical journals contain numerous memoirs from his pen. His attachment to Bourbon legitimacy prevented him from taking the oath of allegiance, by which alone he could retain the public offices which he held in 1830, or accept those offered him on subsequent occasions. In 1848, how- ever, he was appointed to the chair of mathe- matical astronomy which was then instituted at the Paris university ; but refusing to take the oath of allegiance, he relinquished his post in June, 1852. He made contributions to al- most every branch of mathematics, but his reputation rests chiefly on his residual and imaginary calculus. Among his numerous wnrks are: Covrs ^analyse (Paris, 1821); Leyons sur leg applications du ealcul infinite- simal d la geometric (2 vols., 1826-'8) ; Exer-