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138 CAUMONT CAUTLEY For a late crop the seeds are sown in an open bed in May, and the transplanting is in July. Those plants which do not head before frost may be removed to a warm shed or cellar, covered with coarse litter, and allowed to head during early winter. CADMONT, Aldriek Isidore Ferdinand, a French jurist and author, born at Saint Vincent- Cramesnil, May 15, 1825. Despite his poverty he studied law in Paris, and acquired eminence at Havre as a marine lawyer and professor of mercantile jurisprudence. His tude sur la tie et let travaux de Hugo Grotius, ou le droit naturel et le droit international (1862), was crowned by the academy of Toulon. His prin- cipal work, consisting of over 50 separate es- says, is the Dictionnaire universel de droit commercial maritime (1855-'69). He published in 1867 Langue universelle de Fhumanite, ou telegraphie parlee par le nombre, reduisant d Vunite tons les idiomes du globe. CAURA, a river of Venezuela, formed by the junction of the Yurani, Erevato, and Mare- guare. It unites with the Orinoco alter a N. course of about 150 m. CAUS, or < ;inl. I. Salomon de, a French en- gineer, born at or near Dieppe about 1576, died in Paris about 1630. Being a Protestant, he went to England about 1612. From 1614 to 1620 he resided at Heidelberg, as architect to the elector palatine Frederick V., and afterward re- turned to Paris. There is no historical ground for the story that he died insane in the hos- pital of Bicetre. He was one of the foremost physicists of his day ; but his writings long re- mained almost unknown until Arago called attention to them. In his work, Let rations des force* mouvantes (Frankfort, 1615; Paris, 1624; also in German under the title Von gewaltsamen Bewegungen, Frankfort, 1615), he gave a plan of an apparatus for raising water by the power of steam. Hence Arago considers him to have been the real inventor of the steam engine. Some have imagined that the marquis of Wor- cester derived from Caus the idea of the ap- paratus vaguely described in his " Century of Inventions" (1638), and " Exact and true Defi- nition of the most stupendous Water-com- manding Engine, invented by the Right Honor- able Edward Somerset, Lord Marquis of Wor- cester." The other works of Caus are : La per- spective, avec la raison des ombres et miroirs (London, 1612); Institution harmonique (Frankfort, 1615); Hortus Palatinus (Heidel- berg, 1620); La pratique et demonstration des horologues solaires (Paris, 1624). lit Isaac de, a relative (perhaps son) of the preceding, a native of Dieppe, was also an engineer and architect, and published among other things, Nouvelle invention de lever Peau plus haut que sa source (London, 1644). CAFSSIX DE PERCEVAL. I. Jean Jaeqnes An- toine, a French orientalist, born at Montdidier, June 24, 1759, died July 29, 1835, He pub- lished good editions of some Arabian works, among which were "Lokman's Fables" and the first three chapters of the Koran, and various translations of a historical or scientific character. II. Armand Pierre, son of the prece- ding, born in Paris, Jan. 13, 1795, died there in March, 1872. In 1813 he was attached to the French embassy at Constantinople to qualify himself for the post of dragoman, which he subsequently filled at Aleppo, after having ex- plored Asia Minor, and spent a year with the Maronites on Mt. Lebanon. In 1821 he became Arabic professor at the school for modern ori- ental languages in Paris, and in 1833 he was installed in the chair of philology and Arabic literature at the college de France. Besides an Arabic grammar and a revised edition of Ellious Bocthor's French and Arabic diction- ary, he published Essais sur Vhistoire des Arabes avant VIslamisme, pendant Vepoque de Mahomet et jusqu'd la reduction de toutes les tribus sous la loi musulmane (3 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1847), and translations from the Turkish. CAUSTICS (Gr. naieiv, fut. natou, to burn), or K>< hanitirs substances which destroy the life of the tissues upon which they act. They may be classified according to the depth and nature of their action. Nitric and hydrochloric acids, acid nitrate of mercury, nitrate of silver or lunar caustic, and sulphate of copper remove only a very superficial layer of tissue. Arse- nious acid and chloride of zinc cause deeper sloughs, which require several days for their separation. The former agent may under some circumstances be absorbed and give rise to general poisoning. Caustic potassa and strong chromic acid melt down the tissues and leave but little solid slough ; hence the neighboring parts should be protected during their applica- tion. The first class find a somewhat extensive application in modifying the unhealthy or spe- cific character of an ulcerating surface, and substituting for it a condition of normal granu- lation. The articles of the second class are sometimes used to remove tumors, and are combined with other ingredients in various cancer cures. Though cases sometimes occur in which, for special reasons, this treatment is allowable, yet in general the knife, if properly used, possesses many advantages over it, espe- cially in the avoidance of pain. The third class are sometimes used for similar purposes, to re- move an excess of indurated tissue, or to open an abscess. Caustics are much less used than formerly in the formation of issues for purposes of counter-irritation, or for removing imagi- nary impurities from the system. CAUTERETS, a watering place of France, in the department of Hautes-Pyr6nees, situated in a fertile basin 3,254 feet above the sea, and enclosed by rugged mountains, 26 m. S. by W. of Tarbes. It has 22 hot sulphur springs whose temperature varies from 102 to 140. The permanent population is about 1,800; but the number of visitors reaches 15,000 a year. CADTLEY, Sir Proby Thomas, an English en- gineer and palaeontologist, born at Roydon in 1802, died at Sydenham, Jan. 25, 1871. He