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140 CAVAILLON CAVALLO and the assembly unanimously elected him chief of the executive power. Several propo- sitions, which he declined, were made in the assembly to make him president for four years without recourse to an election. The election for president took place Dec. 10 ; and out of 7,327,345 votes, Cavaignac received but 1,448,- 107. After the coup d'etat of December, 1851, he was arrested and taken to the castle of Ham, his name being placed at the head of the list of the proscribed. Having been set at liberty, he lived for a time in retirement in Belgium, and when he returned to France resided mainly at his country seat in the department of Sarthe. In 1852 he was elected to the legislative body, but refused to take the oath of allegiance to the emperor. In 1857 he was again chosen by the electors of the third district of Paris, but again refused to take the oath. This was the last public act of his life. One morning, as he was leaving the house to visit a friend, he suddenly expired in the arms of an attendant without uttering a word. CAVAILLON (anc. Calellio), a town of Pro- vence, France, in the department of Vaucluse, on the Durance, 14 m. S. E. of Avignon ; pop. in 1866, 8,304. It has an active trade in raw silk, fruits, and preserves, and manufactories of vermicelli and madder. During the revo- lution its fortifications were destroyed. It was an ancient Roman town, but having been repeatedly pillaged by barbarians, and having suffered much from an earthquake in 1731, it has few remains of antiquity. The most remarkable of its ruins is a triumphal arch supposed to have belonged to the Augus- tan age. The country round Cavaillon is justly called the garden of Provence. CAVALCANTI, Gnldo, an Italian philosopher and poet, born in Florence in the early part of the 13th century, died in 1300. Dante in- troduces Cavalcanti's father in his Inferno on account of his Epicurean philosophy. Caval- canti was distinguished for the lofty style of bis poetry, which consisted for the most part of sonnets and canzonets, the most celebrated of which are those dedicated to Mandetta, a lady whom he had met at Toulouse after his return from a pilgrimage to Compostela. Hav- ing married a daughter of the Ghibelline chief Farina degli Uberti, he succeeded his father-in- law as head of that party. When the leaders of both factions were exiled by the citizens, Cavalcanti was sent to Sarzana, where his health was so much injured by the bad air, that he died soon after his return. His Rime, edite ed incdite, were published by Cicciaporri at Florence in 1813. CAVALIER, Jean, a leader of the Camisards or insurgent Protestants in the C6vennes, born at Ribaute, in Languedoc, about 1679, died at Chelsea, near London, in May, 1740. The son of a poor peasant, he was first a shepherd, then a baker. Religious persecution forced him to leave his country, but after living a few months at Geneva he secretly went back, and was foremost among the promoters of the insurrec- tion of 1702. He was at once a preacher and a soldier, and his talents gave him an author- ity almost equal to that of the Camisard com- mander-in-chief. When Marshal Villars took the command of the royal troops, Cavalier had an interview with him at Nimes, and agreed on terms of peace : the young chief was to be received into the king's service, with the rank of colonel and a handsome pension ; a regiment was to be raised among the Camisards, who were now to enjoy the free exercise of their religion. This treaty did not suit the other chiefs or the people. Cavalier was immediate- ly discarded by them, and departed for Paris attended by very few companions. There he was treated with contempt by the king ; and having received secret advice that he was to be put in prison, he made his escape to Switzer- land, whence he went to Holland. Having entered the service of England, he organized a regiment of French refugees, whom he took to Spain to support the cause of Charles. At the battle of Almanza this regiment engaged a battalion of French troops, which fought with such fury that the greatest part of both corps were left dead on the battle field. Cavalier afterward joined the army of Prince Eugene, who entered Provence and besieged Toulon. After the peace of Utrecht he repaired to England, where he was received with great favor, obtaining the rank of general, and being appointed governor of the island of Jersey. CAYALIEKI, or ( avallcri, Bonavr ntura, an Italian mathematician, born in Milan in 1598, died in Bologna, Dec. 3, 1647. He studied mathe- matics at Pisa under B. Castelli, a disciple of Galileo, officiated as professor in Bologna, and was author of several mathematical works, the most prominent of which was entitled Oeome- tria Indivisibililiis, &c. Having expressed in this wcrk some original ideas concerning the abstruse sciences, the Italians claim him to be the inventor of the infinitesimal calculus. CAYALLI, Pietro Francesco, an Italian compo- ser, born at Crema about 1599, died in Venice in April, 1676. His real name wns Caletti- Bruni, but the governor Cavalli of Crema be- came his patron ; and assuming his name, he became under his auspices chapelmaster of St. Mark's church at Venice. He composed Ser- se, ISOrione, UErcole amante, and nearly 40 other operas. According to Dr. Burney, he was the first to introduce in his opera of Giasone (1649) the ornamental stanza called aria. CAVALLINI, Pietro, an Italian painter, born in Rome, who flourished in the early part of the 14th century. He is said to have been the disciple of Giotto, and is considered the first painter of the Roman school who was worthy of competing with the great Florentine mas- ters. His most celebrated work, the " Cruci- fixion," is at Assisi. Most of his other works have perished. CAVALLO, Tlberlo, an English electrician, born in Naples in March, 1749, died in London in De-