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162 CAZORLA CEBES seminary, which in 1871 had 12 instructors, 655 pupils, and a library of 2,500 volumes. CAZORLA, a town of Andalusia, Spain, on the Vega, in the province and 44 m. E. N. E. of Jaen; pop. about 5,000. It is well built, in the form of an amphitheatre, on the sides of a mountain valley, and contains two spacious squares, one of which is adorned with a fine central fountain. It is defended by two old castles, one of them of Moorish origin, and has in its environs many gardens and public walks. Cazorla figured conspicuously in the Moor- ish contests of the 13th century. After re- peated attempts it was taken and partly burned by the French in 1811. CAZOTTE, Jacques, a French writer, born at Dijon in 1720, guillotined in Paris, Sept. 25, 1792. He became first known by a prose poem, Olivier, somewhat in the style of Ariosto's poems. Soon a number of tales, full of wit and originality, among them Le didble amoureux and Le lord impromptu, added to his fame. He was endowed with such facility and power of imitation that in one night he wrote a sequel to Voltaire's poem, La guerre civile de Geneve, and so perfect was the imitation that no one doubted the addition to be Voltaire's own. Cazotte in his later years became one of the most fervent adepts of Illuminism and Martin- ism. Being a faithful royalist, he was arrested during the revolution, and escaped death in the September massacres through the heroism and entreaties of his daughter Elisabeth, but was soon arrested again, condemned by a tribunal, and executed. CEAN-BERMITDEZ, Joan Agnsttn, a Spanish archaeologist, born at Gijon, in Asturias, Sept. 17, 1749, died in Madrid, Dec. 3, 1829. He devoted himself early to the study of the fine arts, into which he was initiated by Raphael Mengs. After holding a public office at Ma- drid, he retired to Seville, where he founded an academy of fine arts, and occupied himself with the study of their history. He was elected a member of the royal academies of history and fine arts at Madrid, and published several val- uable works connected with his favorite pur- suits, including a Diccionario historico de las mas ilustres profesores de las Bellas artes en Espafla (6 vols., Madrid, 1800), and Noticias de los ar- quitectos y arquitectura de Espafla (4 vols., 1829). His most important book, entitled Su- mario de las nntiguedades romanas que hay en EspaHa, appeared posthumously in 1832. CEARl, a maritime province of Brazil, bound- ed N. by the Atlantic ocean, E. by the provinces of Rio Grande do Norte and Parahyba, S. by Pernambuco and W. by Piauhy; area, 42,634 sq. m. ; pop. about 550,000. The province is divided into two portions by a line of moun- tains running from the coast, near the capital, S. S. W. to the Serra de Ibiapaba, a narrow range of highlands bordering the W. portion of the province. The S. E. half forms a single basin watered by the Jaguaribe, the most im- portant river in the province, and its affluents ; and the W. half is drained by a host of small rivers all flowing directly into the sea. The coast line is one vast sandy belt of inconsider- able elevation, varying in width from 12 to 18 m. ; and the lands beyond, though so low and flat as to remind one of the pampas of the Argentine Republic, are very fertile. Still further westward the face of the country gradually rises toward the mountains, the whole region adjacent to which is made ex- tremely fertile by innumerable springs forming small streams. The climate, moist and tem- pered by refreshing sea breezes on the coast, is in the interior very hot and dry, although the temperature never rises above 95 F., nor descends below 64. The rainy season begins about February and lasts till June; the re- mainder of the year being without rain, all the running streams and rivers dry up, and the want of water is such at times as to oblige the inhabitants to abandon their homes. Among the more important natural productions are quina, ipecacuanha, tatajuba, mahogany, cedar, pao d'arco, carnahuba, and numberless other species of timber and woods valuable for build- ing, dyeing, &c. The caoutchouc tree (corypha cerifera, Martins) is so abundant in some parts that Gardner says he " rode for about two days through a forest of almost nothing else. Cot- ton, coffee, sugar cane, mandioca, maize, rice, some wheat, and other cereals are cultivated ; and most varieties of intertropical fruits are exceedingly abundant. The exports consist mainly of cotton, sugar, hides, India rubber, coffee, horns and bones, horse and cow hair, carnahuba wax and half-tanned hides. Cear& has about 100,000 horses and 600,000 head of horned cattle, and considerable cheese is made ; but large quantities of butter, cheese, and lard are imported. Much has been done by gov- ernment to improve the communication with the interior, and a railway from the capital to the great coffee district called Serra de Batu- rit6 is now (1873) in process of construction. The mineral productions are amethysts, gyp- sum, saltpetre, salt, alum, magnesia, carbonate of potassium, amianthus, lignite, gold, copper, zinc, galena, and graphite. Bones, and even perfect skeletons of huge mastodons, mega- theria, and other mammals, are abundant in many parts. The capital is Portaleza, and there are seven other small cities. CEBES, a Greek philosopher, lived in the 5th century B. C. at Thebes in Bceotia. He was a disciple of Socrates, and is introduced by Plato as one of the interlocutors in his " Phaedo." He was the author of three dialogues, " The Sev- enth " ('E/?(tyuj7), "Phrynichus," and " The Pic- ture " (Rival;), of which the last only is extant. It presents a picture of human life in the form of a philosophical allegory, and has been trans- lated into almost all the modern languages, even into Arabic. The best editions are those of Schweighauser (Strasburg, 1806) and of Coraes, in his edition of Epictetus (Paris, 1826).