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206 CENTRE CEPHALOPODA possessions was 9,068,103, and that of the na- tive states about 1,100,000. In 1866 there were in the provinces, according to an official enumeration, 6,064,770 Hindoos, 1,995,663 Gonds and aboriginal tribes, 237,962 Mussul- mans, and 6,026 Europeans. Of the inhabi- tants 57 per cent, were engaged in agriculture. The British portion is divided into four com- missionerships (Nagpore, Jubbulpore, Nerbud- da, and Chutteesgurh) and 19 districts. The line of railroad which connects Calcutta and Bombay passes through these provinces, and has greatly contributed to their rapid progress. Numerous roads have of late been made, the number of schools has more than doubled since the organization of the chief commissionership, and the capital, Jubbulpore, has now a larger traffic passing through it than any other city of India except Bombay. The chief product is cotton, of which 653,517 Ibs. were exported in 1868. The revenue of the Central Provinces amounted in 1870-'71 to 1,130,000, and the expenditures to 865,228. The largest cities are Nagpore, Jubbulpore, and Saugor. CENTRE, a central county of Pennsylvania ; area, about 1,000 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 34,418; It is traversed by the Allegheny, Bald Eagle, and several other mountain ranges. It is drained by a number of small creeks, which supply several mills and factories with water power. The soil is excellent in the valleys, and agriculture is in a forward state. The mountains are covered with valuable timber, but furnish little land suitable for cultivation. There are extensive mines of iron, quarries of limestone, and beds of stone coal in several places. The Clearfield division of the Pennsyl- vania Central railroad intersects the S. W. cor- ner, and the Bald Eagle division traverses the county. The chief productions in 1870 were 479,145 bushels of wheat, 63,108 of rye, 1,044,- 760 of Indian corn, 389,628 of oats, 87,256 of barley, 117,403 of potatoes, 27,725 tons of hay, 521,090 Ibs. of butter, and 53,448 of wool. There were 6,588 horses, 6,484 milch cows, 9,489 other cattle, 18,017 sheep, and 15,573 swine. There were 22 flour mills, 23 manu- factories of iron, 1 of window glass, 15 tan- neries, 4 planing mills, 25 saw mills, 5 manu- factories of agricultural implements, 28 of carriages and wagons, 2 of edge tools, 1 of ma- chinery, 1 of wire, and 4 of woollen goods. Capital, Bellefonte. CEOS. See ZEA. CEPHALOMA, or (ophallonia, called by Homer Same or Samos, the largest of the Ionian isl- ands, separated from Ithaca on the E. by a narrow channel. It is now one of the 13 nomarchies of the kingdom of Greece; area, about 300 sq. m. ; pop. in 1871, 77,382. The country is rugged and mountainous, particu- larly in the N. part, and the Black moun- tain (anc. Mount Enos) constitutes the most picturesque feature of Cephalonia. The cli- mate is usually mild. The soil produces little corn, but some M'ine, oil, honey, and all the fruits of southern Europe. Currants, the sta- ple product of the Ionian islands, come chiefly from Cephalonia. In 1870, the exports of Cephalonia currants were 17,746,400 Ibs., val- ued at $498,318, besides 2,690,240 Ibs. of Morea currants. The total exports were $857,928; imports, $1,447,219. The harbor of Argos- toli is excellent, and ship building and various other branches of trade and industry are car- ried on actively. The imports consist mainly of breadstuff's and of the manufactures and wares of Europe. The Greek church is the predominant religion, the remainder belonging to the Roman Catholic church. Property is much more divided in Cephalonia than in other parts of the Ionian islands. About one sixth of the cultivated land belongs to the convents, of which there are more than 20, and many of them, as for instance the convent of Sisi, are very ancient. The island is supposed to have been originally inhabited by Taphians, and to have derived its name from the mythical Ce- phalus. There were four cities in Cephalonia in the times of antiquity, viz., Pale, Cranii, Proni, and Same. The site of Proni, and still more that of Same, still exhibit extensive and inter- esting ruins. The latter city, which was more populous than the other three, is frequently mentioned by Homer, while the inhabitants are spoken of by the poet as the Cephallenians. Thucydides called the island a tetrapolis (com- posed of four states), and still other names were applied to it. But the name of Cephalle- nia first occurs in Herodotus. The island be- longed successively to the Greeks, the Macedo- nians, the Romans, the Byzantine emperors, the Normans, the Venetians, the Turks, and the French. From 1815 to 1863 it was with the rest of the seven Ionian islands under the protection of Great Britain. In August, 1849, an insurrection broke out in the island, which could only be suppressed by the most energetic measures on the part of the British governor. Cephalonia is represented in the parliament of Greece by ten deputies. Capital, Argostoli. CEPHALOPODA (Gr. KEpaW, head, and Trodf, foot), the highest of the branch of mollusks. Some have no external shell, like the squid (loligo) ; others an internal one, like the cuttle fish (sepia) ; others a simple shell, like the ar- gonaut ; and others chambered shells, like the fossil ammonites and living nautilus, many be- ing in this respect unsurpassed for symmetry and beauty among mollusks. Their most strik- ing feature is that the head is distinct from the body, with large eyes on the sides ; the posterior part of the body ends in a sac. The principal locomotive organs, whence their name, are at- tached to the head in the form of muscular arms or tentacles, usually eight or ten ; besides these, many have fins, and all are more or less able to propel themselves backward by the forcible expulsion of water from the branchial sac through the siphon which opens on the lower surface. They are perfectly symmetri- cal animals, having the right and left sides