Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume IV.djvu/22

CARNUNTUM CAROLINE AMELIA AUGUSTA CARNUNTCM, an ancient Celtic town in the N. part of Pannonia, on the Danube, near where Hainburgnow stands, 26 m. E. of Vienna. It was an important military pass under the Romans, who made it at one time a station for their fleet on the Danube, and raised it to the position of a municipium according to some inscriptions, of a colony according to others. During the wars with the Marcomanni and Quadi it was for three years the residence of Marcus Aure- lius, who here composed a part of his "Medi- tations." It was destroyed by the Germans in the 4th century, was afterward rebuilt, became once more a Roman military station, and was finally destroyed during the wars with the Magyars in the middle ages. Its remains are very extensive. CAROLAN, or O'Carolan, Turtongh, an Irish bard, born in the county of Westmeath in 1670, died in 1738. Having lost his sight when a child, he remained blind for the rest of his life ; but having learned to play on the harp, he became famous for his musical and poetical genius, and is still remembered as the last and greatest of the Irish bards. CAROLINA. See NOBTH CABOLINA, and SOUTH CAROLINA. CAROLINA MARIA, queen of Naples, daughter of the emperor Francis I. of Austria and Maria Theresa, born in Vienna, Aug. 13, 1752, died at Schonbrunn, Sept. 8, 1814. In 1768 she was married to Ferdinand IV., king of Na- ples, over whom she exercised great influence, which led to fatal results, especially when, in 1784, she prevailed upon the king to appoint her favorite Joseph Acton prime minister. A great share of the odium of Acton's unwise measures fell upon the queen. In 1798 Ferdi- nand, at the instigation of Carolina, declared war against the French republic; but after the defeat of the Austrian army under Mack, the French marched upon Naples, and the royal family were compelled to fly to Sicily, and to put themselves under British protection. Car- dinal Rutfo's agitation in Calabria against the French and the Neapolitan republicans per- mitted the king to return to Naples in 1709 ; but here new intrigues were opened by Caro- lina, who on this occasion had the pernicious assistance of Lady Hamilton. In 1805 Caro- lina joined the coalition against Napoleon, but notwithstanding the assistance given to Naples by Russia and England, she and her husband were again expelled from their dominions. She went to Vienna in 1811, and died before the restoration of Ferdinand IV. to the throne. She was notoriously ambitious of political power, which, however, she was unable to manage, although possessed of some ability. CAROLINE. I. An E. county of Maryland, bordering on Delaware, intersected by the Choptank and Marshy Hope rmtrs, and bound- ed N. E. by Tuckahoe creek ; area, 300 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 12,101, of whom 3,758 were colored. The surface is flat and the soil sandy. The Maryland and Delaware railroad passes through the N. part, and the Dorchester and Delaware railroad touches the S. E. corner. The chief productions in 1870 were 130,728 bushels of wheat, 342,971 of Indian corn, 37,- 948 of oats, 27,302 of Irish and 17,141 of sweet potatoes, 98,591 Ibs. of butter, and 9,397 of wool. There were 2,155 horses, 2,283 milch cows, 3,126 other cattle, 2,826 sheep, and 6,672 swine. Capital, Denton. II. An E. county of Virginia, bounded N. by the Rappa- hannock, and intersected by the Mattapony; area, 480 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 15,128, of whom 8,038 were colored. The surface is diversified, and the soil of the river bottoms is good. The Richmond, Fredericksburg, and Potomac rail- road passes through it. The chief productions in 1870 were 63,462 bushels of wheat, 214,968 of Indian corn, 30,194 of oats, and 417,848 Ibs. of tobacco. There were 1,208 horses, 1,733 milch cows, 2,129 other cattle, 1,900 sheep, and 4,607 swine. Capital, Bowling Green. CAROLINE AMELIA AUGUSTA, queen of Eng- land, daughter of Duke Charles William Ferdi- nand of Brunswick and the princess Augusta of England, born May 17, 1768, died Aug. 7, 1821. In 1795 she married her cousin, the prince of Wales, but in the ensuing year, after she had borne him a daughter (Charlotte), the prince, who had married her reluctantly, sepa- rated from her, and Caroline retired to a resi- dence at Blackheath. Looked upon as the victim of a profligate husband, her position excited much sympathy from the people at large, but at the same time subjected her to serious charges on the part of her enemies. In 1808 George III. instituted an inquiry into her conduct, which absolved her from any positive dereliction of duty, but without acquitting her of improprieties of conduct. In 1814 she re- ceived permission to visit her native town and to travel in Italy and Greece, and subsequently resided chiefly. in a villa on the lake of Como. Her relations with Bergami, an Italian con- nected with her" household, who accompanied her in her travels, gave rise to a new series of rumors disparaging to her honor. On Jan. 29, 1820, her husband ascended the throne as George IV., when a pension of 50,000 was offered her on condition that she should never return to England. She rejected this offer, and arrived in England in June of the same year, the people, who never withdrew their sympathies from Caroline, receiving her with enthusiasm. A charge of adultery was brought against her by the king before the house of lords, which, as partisan feelings were blended with the intrinsic interest of the case, created the greatest excitement in England. The house of lords, by a majority of 108 against 99, passed a bill of pains and penalties intended to apply to her case ; but public opinion was so strongly in her favor that the prosecution was abandoned by the government. Brougham, who was her counsel, hinted significantly that if the charge was pressed the defence could prove the marriage of the king with Mrs,