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242 CHAMBRAY CHAMELEON pliment to the legitimist zeal of that city, and j that of count de Ohambord after the estate of j that name, presented to him by his partisans. ! He had among his tutors the baron Damas and Gen. d'Hautpoul ; and after the revolution of July, 1830, during which his grandfather Charles X. and his uncle the duke d'Angou- leme in vain resigned their rights in his favor, he lived in exile successively in Scotland, Aus- tria, and for a short time in Italy, till 1845, when he established himself in London, where the large fortune which had been bequeathed to him by the duke de Blacas enabled him to live in fine style. In 1851, after the death of the duchess d'Angouleme, he inherited the : domain of Frohsdorf, near Vienna, where he has since generally resided, having sold his ; palace in Venice in 1866. In August, 1850, he attended a gathering of legitimists at Wies- I baden, and in February, 1872, at Antwerp. He ! clings to the traditional Bourbon theory of the 1 divine right of kings and of devotion to the see ' of Rome, from time to time issues manifestoes in this sense to the French nation, and firmly rejects all overtures aiming at a reconciliation with the house of Orleans at the expense of his 1 principles; but has always refrained from vio- lent assertions of his claims to the throne. In August, 1870, he gave 10,000 francs and the use j of his chateau for the relief of wounded French ' soldiers and sailors, and in the summer of 1871 for the first time returned to France, but volun- tarily left the country after a short stay at Chambord. II. Marie Therese Beatrice GaStane, countess de, archduchess of Austria, wife of the preceding, born July 14, 1817. She is the eldest daughter of Francis IV., duke of Modena, and of the princess Maria Beatrice of Sardinia, great-granddaughter of Maria The- resa, and grand-niece of Marie Antoinette. Her j sister married Don Juan de Borbon, and be- j came the mother of Don Carlos, duke of Ma- | drid. On Nov. 16, 1846, she married at Bruck, Styria, the count de Chambord. She is a highly accomplished princess, and takes much interest in the improvement of the working classes ; and during the German war she attended to the sick and wounded French soldiers in Belgium and Switzerland. CHAMBRAY, Georges, marquis de, a French soldier and author, born in Paris in 1783, died about 1850. He belonged to an ancient Nor- man family, and received the highest military education. He served in the Napoleonic wars, and was captured by the Russians, who ban- j ished him to the Ukraine, where he remained till the fall of Napoleon. From 1823 to 1829 he filled various military positions. His wri- tings include Philosophic de la guerre (1827 ; 2d ed., 1829; continuation, 1835), and Histoire j de ^expedition, de Rwsie (2 vols., 1833 ; new ed., 3 vols., 1835), which acquired a European reputation. CHAMBRE ARDENTE, a name originally ap- plied in France to courts hung with black, and | lighted by torches, where criminals of the high- j est rank were tried. Subsequently any extra- ordinary court of law was called chanibre ar- dente ; as for instance the tribunal which in 1535 was established by Francis I. for the special purpose of trying heretics. Under Louis XIV. the chambres were opened in 1679 for the purpose of trying Mme. de Brinvilliers, and other prisoners, and were then also called cour de* poisons ; but in 1680, after the execution of Mme. Voisin, the chambres ardentes were again closed. The extraordinary courts under the regency (1716), where the trial of the far- mers of the public revenue took place, and those instituted for the registration of the shares of John Law. the financier, were also known as chambres ardentes. CHAMBCRE, Angnste Lepelletier de, a French soldier, born at Vitteaux, Burgundy, March 31, 1789, died of the cholera in Paris, July 12, 1832. By his audacity in the Napoleonic wars in Spain and Germany, and especially at Dant- zic in 1813, he became known as le didble, and his corps franc of 100 men as the infernal regi- ment. After the capitulation of Dantzic he sur- rendered to the prince of Wurtemberg, who sent him as a prisoner to Presburg. He was released in 1815 and restored to a military command in France; but in 1816 he was ac- cused of a highway robbery upon two English officers, fled to Belgium, and in his absence was sentenced to hard labor for life. Pardoned in 1820, he prevailed upon Ary Scheffer and other eminent artists to prepare designs for his Napoleon et ses contemporains, which work achieved success owing to its magnificent illus- trations. After the accession of Louis Philippe he became attached to the staff of Marshal Soult, minister of war. CHAMELEON (chamteleo, Brongn.), a genus of saurian reptiles, inhabiting the wannest parts of Africa and India. The genus is character- ized by teeth on the upper edge of the jaws, toes united into two groups, prehensile tail, and body compressed and covered with squarish scales, with or without a series of spiny pro- cesses along the back, belly, chest, and tail. The skin is chagreened with small scaly grains, the back is sharp, the tail round and slender. There are five toes on each foot, divided into two parcels, one of two and the other of three, each united by the skin as far as the claws. The tongue is fleshy, cylindrical, and capable of an elongation of six or seven inches; the teeth are trilobed ; the eyes are large, almost covered by the skin, except a small hole oppo- site the pupil, and are capable of movements independent of each other. The back of the head is raised in a pyramidal form ; there is no visible external ear ; the first rib is united to the breast bone, the rest being continued to their fellows of the opposite side, enclosing the abdomen in an entire circle. The lungs are large, and admit of great inflation. The most com- mon species is the chamcelea vulgaris (Lacep.), so well known to travellers in Egypt and north- ern Africa. Many other species are described