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CHANGARNIER CHANNEL ISLANDS 261 CHANGARNIER, Nicolas Anne Theodnle, a French general, born at Autun, April 26, 1793. He was educated at the military school of St. Cyr, served as a lieutenant in the campaign of 1823 in Spain, and finally entered the royal guards. After the revolution of 1830 he went to Africa, where he soon distinguished himself, and be- came brigadier general in 1840, and general of division in 1843. In 1847 the duke cTAumale, being governor general of Algeria, caused Changarnier to be put in command of the dis- trict of Algiers, and on the revolution of Feb- ruary resigned the governorship into his hands. Gen. Cavaignac having been appointed to this office by the republican government, Chan- garnier repaired to Paris, and was appointed ambassador to Berlin, but did not leave Paris, his services being required there to protect the national assembly. When Cavaignac became minister of war, Changarnier was appointed his successor as governor general of Algeria, which post he held for five months. Having been elected to the national assembly, he re- turned to Paris, and was invested with the command of the national guards. When Louis Napoleon became president, Changarnier was appointed commander of the regular troops, known as the army of Paris. He prevented outbreaks on Jan. 29 and June 13, 1849, and supported Louis Napoleon for a considerable time, exciting the distrust of the republicans. But he afterward strenuously opposed the presi- dent's measures, and lost his command on Jan. 9, 1851. The project of the assembly to place him in command of a force for its special pro- tection against arbitrary proceedings having fallen to the ground, Changarnier, after declar- ing that Louis Napoleon would not find even one single soldier to assist him in a coup d'etat, was powerless to prevent that event, and was ar- rested Dec. 2, 1851, and detained at Mazas for about a month, when he was banished from France, and took up his residence at Mechlin, Belgium. In 1859 he availed himself of the general amnesty to return to France. On the outbreak of the Franco-German war, Marshal Leboeuf, the minister of war, declined to avail himself of his services ; but in August the em- peror invited him to come to Metz, where he remained with Bazaine, who employed him in initiatory negotiations with Prince Frederick Charles, which resulted on Oct. 27 in the capitu- lation of the French army. Changarnier was a prisoner of war in Germany until the conclu- sion of the armistice in January, 1871, after which he returned to Paris. He was elected to the national assembly by the departments of Gironde, Le Nord, and Somme, and took his seat for the last named district. CHANG-CHOO-FOO, a city of China, in the province of Fokien, on the river Chang, 30 in. W. of Amoy; lat. 24 35' N., Ion. 117 50' E. ; pop. estimated at nearly 1,000,000. It lies in a picturesque valley, and is surrounded by a wall about 4-J- m. in circumference, in which are four principal gates at the N., E., S., and W., not only forming means of access for roads into the city, but also admitting canals. The houses are very well built, but the streets are narrow, their width seldom exceeding 12 ft. A remarkable bridge crosses the river opposite the town ; it is built on ir- regularly piled stone piers, of which there are about 30, nearly 30 ft. apart. The roadway, about 20 ft. above the water, is made of large stone blocks resting upon wooden beams. Chang-choo-foo is the centre of the silk manu- facture of the province, and its trade both with the interior and with foreign ports is very ac- tive. Large tile and sugar factories give com- mercial importance to the suburbs. CHANG-CHOW, or Chang-ehoo, a city of China, in the province of Kiang-soo, on the E. bank of the imperial canal, about 100 m. N. W. of Shanghai; lat. 31 55' N., Ion. 119 43' E. It is surrounded by a wall 25 ft. high, and is otherwise well fortified. Several small canals connect it with the Tai-ho or great lake, and its commerce was formerly very extensive. Chang-chow is chiefly celebrated for the events of which it was the scene during the last de- cade of the Taiping rebellion. From 1860 to 1864 the place formed one of the chief strong- holds of the rebels, resisting successfully all the attacks made upon it by the imperial troops. In the spring of the latter year the English Major Gordon, commanding 70,000 Chinese in- structed in foreign tactics, laid siege to it ; and on May 11 the city was carried by assault, after a conflict which ended in a massacre. Several thousand Cantonese troops, forming part of the garrison, were slaughtered after the capture; but about 20,000 natives of the province of Kiang-su, who had been pressed into the rebel service, were spared. CHANNEL ISLANDS, a group of islands belong- ing to Great Britain, in the English channel, between lat. 49 and 49 50' N., and Ion. 2 and 2 45' W., off the N. W. coast of France, between Normandy and Brittany; shortest distance from the French coast, 15 m., and from the English coast at Southampton, 115 m. ; area, about 75 sq. m. ; pop. in 1871, 90,- 563. The islands are: Jersey, pop. 56,627; Guernsey, with the islets Herm and Jethou, 30,667; Alderney, 2,718 ; and Sark, 551. The picturesque situation, the moderate cost of living, the mild climate, and the lightness of the taxes render these islands a favorite resort, and they are easily accessible by steamers from Southampton and Weymouth. The vernacu- lar is the old Norman French, but the modern French is now used in the law courts. Eng- lish is spoken in the towns. The soil is fertile, but owing to the minute subdivision of the laud, agriculture is in a rather backward state. Horticulture and floriculture are flourishing. The principal manure is seaweed, which is also largely used for the production of kelp and iodine. The breed of cattle known as Alder- neys are noted for their small size, symmetry, and excellence as milkers. Cattle raising, the