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266 CHANZY CHAPEL square, London. He also made the statues of Washington, in the state house, Boston ; James Watt, in the church of Aston, near Birming- ham ; and Bishop Heber, at Calcutta. He constructed a funeral vault for himself in the church of Norton, where he was buried ; and left certain bequests to the clergyman and the poor of the place upon condition of the tomb being kept in order. He died without children or near relatives, and left his fortune, after suitable provision for his widow, for the en- couragement of art. The original models of most of his works, comprising valuable por- traits of his contemporaries, were presented by Lady Chantrey to Oxford university. See his life by George Jones (London, 1850), and by John Holland (1851). CIIANZY, Antolne Eugene Alfred, a French sol- dier, born at Nouart, Ardennes, March 18, 1823. He enlisted in his 16th year as a cabin boy on a man-of-war. The next year he re- turned to school, and subsequently studied at the military academy of St. Cyr. He served in Algeria under Canrobert, and in 1859 dis- tinguished himself in the battle of Solferino, Italy, where he became lieutenant colonel. He rejoined the service in Algeria, and in 1868 attained the rank of brigadier general. In the Franco-German war he was general of di- vision of the 16th corps in the army of the Loire, under Aurelle de Paladines. He pro- posed to prevent the junction of the German armies, defeat them in detail, and march on Paris ; but his plan was not adopted. During the protracted struggle before Orleans, he at- tacked the Germans on Dec. 1, 1870, and gained some indecisive successes in the vicinity of Patay; but the next day he was assailed by the grand duke of Mecklenburg and Gen. Von der Tann, lost ground after a bloody engage- ment, and was obliged to retreat on Dec. 3. The disastrous defeat of the army of the Loire was chiefly ascribed to the isolation of the 18th and 20th corps, and to Prince Fred- erick Charles's availing himself, by a decisive stroke, of their immobility, to mass his troops against the French centre. Chanzy was now appointed commander-in-chief of the so-called second army of the Loire, thus dividing with Bourbaki, appointed to the head of the first army, the former command of Aurelle de Paladines. He made a vigorous stand at Meung and Beaugency, in order to cover Tours; but was soon forced to abandon the line of the Loire, and after various desperate conflicts between that river and the Sarthe, he was overwhelmingly defeated before Le Mans, Jan. 12, 1871, and told the govern- ment that it was impossible to continue the war. The projects of Chanzy were regarded as brilliant and skilful, but both he and Aurelle de Paladines were obliged to follow the instruc- tions of the political authorities. Chanzy be- came a member of the national assembly at Bordeaux and Versailles, and published in 1871 La deuxieme armee de la Loire (4th ed., April, 1872), in vindication of his generalship and of the bravery of his troops. In September, 1872, he was appointed commander of the 7th army corps at Tours, and in 1873, under President MacMahon, governor general of Al- geria. CHIOS (Gr. x&Si from #ami>, to gape, to open widely), in classical mythology, either the empty and infinite space which existed before all things or the mixture of all the elements, the confused mass out of which the ordoml creation was formed. By the poets Chaos was personified and made the most ancient of the gods, the father of Erebus and Night. The principle of the fecundity of chaos assumed several modifications in the Greek systems of philosophy. Something similar to the Greek conception of chaos is found in the Phoenician, Chaldean, and Indian cosmogonies ; and Ovid's description of the genesis of the universe out of chaos has so many features in common with the Mosaic account of creation, that it has often been supposed to have been derived from it. In natural history, chaos is the name given by Linnauis to animals and plants of the lowest orders, which have imperfect parts. CHAP ALA, a lake in the state of Jalisco, Mex- ico, bordering upon Guanajuato on the north and Michoacan on the east and southeast. It lies between lat. 20 15' and 20 45' N., and Ion. 101 50' and 108 17' W., and has an area of about 1,200 sq. m., being thus the largest lake in the republic. Its depth during the floods July and August is 6 fathoms, gradually diminishing in the dry season to about 5 fath- oms. Its surface is interspersed with beauti- ful islands. The lake communicates with the Rio Grande de Santiago, to the waters of which river it is supposed to owe its forma- tion. It abounds in excellent fish, affording a profitable occupation to numbers of the inhabi- tants of the adjacent country. CHAPEL, a term originally applied to private oratories, derived from the practice of the an- cient kings of France of carrying along with them on the battle field St. Martin's hat as a relic, the place in which it was kept being called capella, and the priest in charge of it capel- larius. The famous sainte chapelle du palais in Paris was built by St. Louis, and consisted of an upper and lower chapel, which latter is in course of restoration. It suffered much du- ring the revolution, and its relics are in Notre Dame. In the latter cathedral is the celebrated chapelle dn damne, deriving its name from the legend that Raymond Diocres, a friend of St. Bruno, returned to life during his funeral, and exclaimed that he was damned, which led to the saint's retirement to a cloister, and fur- nished the theme for Lesueur's celebrated painting. In the church of St. Victor at Mar- seilles there was a subterranean chapel, which women durst not enter because, according to a legend, a queen was punished with the loss of her sight for having entered it ; and there are a number of chapels in Rome inaccessible