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CHARLESTOWN CHAELEVOIX 319 There are 13 male and 101 female teachers; average attendance about 5,000. The Howard grammar school house, completed in 1872, cost $92,000. The public library was estab- lished in 1860, and contains about 15,000 vol- umes. There are also four circulating libraries and two weekly newspapers. The city con- tains 13 churches, viz. : 3 Baptist, 2 Methodist, 2 Roman Catholic, 2 Congregational, 1 Episco- pal, 1 Independent, 1 Unitarian, and 1 Univer- salist. Charlestown dates from 1628, though Mr. R. Frothingham, the local historian ("His- tory of Charlestown," 1848), thinks that July 4, 1629, is the only date for the foundation of the town for which any good authority can be adduced. It is one of the most interesting spots in American history. A flourishing and noted place in the colonial period, it became conspicuous at the very commencement of the revolution, as well from political as from mili- tary circumstances. The British force that fled from Concord and Lexington fell back upon Charlestown, and Gen. Gage threatened to destroy the place if the troops were molested. Most of the inhabitants left their homes, so that on June 17, 1775, when the town was de- stroyed, not above a tenth part of their num- ber were present. The resolution to fortify Bunker hill, taken by the Massachusetts com- mittee of safety, led to the battle of that name. In the course of this battle, and as one of its incidents, Charlestown was destroyed by a discharge of shells from Copp's hill in Boston, and by men who were landed for the purpose of firing the town. The destruction was com- plete, with the exception of a few houses. About 400 buildings were burned, and the value of property lost was estimated at over $500,- 000. In 1873 a provisional act for the incorpora- tion of Charlestown with Boston on Jan. 1, 1874, was confirmed by the vote of its inhabitants. CHARLESTOWN, a town of West Virginia, cap- ital of Jefferson co., on the Winchester, Poto- mac, and Strasburg division of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, about 10 m. S. W. of Har- per's Ferry ; pop. in 1870, 1,593, of whom 537 were colored. It is surrounded by a fertile and beautiful country. There are three or four churches, an academy, and a bank. John Brown was tried and executed here Dec. 2, 1859. CUARLET, Nicolas Toussaint, a French artist, born in Paris in 1792, died there in 1845. His father was a poor soldier, and he received but a scanty education ; but while employed in registering recruits for the municipality he laid the foundation for his remarkable knowl- edge of soldierly characteristics. Being a zealous Bonapartist, he lost his place in 1816. He then studied under Gros, and soon produced his first lithographic work, representing a Wa- terloo grenadier under the popular title, La garde meurt, mais ne se rend pas. Encouraged by its great success, he executed thousands of lithographic prints and drawings in water colors and sepia, with humorous, grotesque, 175 VOL. iv. 21 and graceful representations of the soldier's life, which became exceedingly popular. He struggled with adversity till about 1820, when, after his return from a visit to London with the painter Gericault, he found a more regular and lucrative market for his productions ; and in the opinion of his admirers, their patriotic spirit contributed nearly as much as the songs of B6ranger in paving the way for the revolu- tion of 1830. In 1831 he was made chevalier and afterward officer of the legion of honor. At the close of 1832 he reproduced the inci- dents of the siege of the citadel of Antwerp from his observations on the spot. His paint- ing, in 1836, of an "Episode in the Retreat from Russia," in the museum of Lyons, which was regarded by Alfred de Musset as a perfect poem, led the government to commission him in 1837 to paint a picture of the passage of the Rhine at Kehl by Moreau for the Versailles museum ; and his " Convoy of Wounded Sol- diers halting in a Ravine " is in that of Valen- ciennes. In 1838 he was appointed professor of design in the polytechnic school, and intro- duced pen drawing in place of previous meth- ods of instruction. He also continued to produce lithographic works, including 52 re- nowned illustrations of La vie civile, politique et militaire du caporal Valentin (1838-'42), and 500 plates for Bourdin's Memorial de Sainte-HeUne (1841-'2). Despite ill health he was active to the last. D. A. M. Raffet (1804- '60) and J. L. H. Bellange (1800-'66) were among his ablest pupils. His life-long friend Col. J. F. L. de La Combe published Cnarlet, sa me, ses lettres, suivi d'une description raisonnee de son aeuvre lithograpnique (Paris, 1856). CHARLEVILLE (early in the middle ages called ArccB Remorum and Carolopolis), an old town of France, in the department of Ardennes, on the Meuse, about a mile N". of Mezieres, with which it is connected by a suspension bridge, and 10 m. N. W. of Sedan ; pop. in 1866, 11,244. It was a military station until the end of the 17th century, when its forti- fications were destroyed, and subsequently the royal manufactory of arms was removed. The prosperity of the town has since increased. It has an active export trade in wine, spirits, coal, iron, and slates; a manufactory of mus- kets, nail works, copper founderies, and tan- neries; a commodious port, a public library of 25,000 volumes, a college, an ecclesiastical school, normal school, and theatre. CHARLEVOIX, a N. W. county of Michigan, bordering on Lake Michigan, and intersected by Green river ; area, about 500 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 1,724. Its N. W. shore is deeply in- dented by Little Traverse bay, and two or three considerable lakes lie wholly or partly within its boundaries. The chief productions in 1870 were 5,527 bushels of wheat, 5,155 of Indian corn, 3,251 of oats, 31,310 of po- tatoes, and 18,066 Ibs. of maple sugar. The value of live stock was $28,602. Capital, Charlevoix.