Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume IV.djvu/35

CARRIERE Paris, Dec. 16, 1794. Taking his seat in the national convention in 1792, he supported the establishment of the revolutionary tribunal, voted for the death of Louis XVI., presented a motion for the arrest of Philippe figalite, duke of Orleans, and participated actively in the popular rising of May 31 against the Giron- dists. His revolutionary zeal caused him to be sent to Normandy, then to Nantes, where he arrived Oct. 8, 1793. The western depart- ments were troubled by civil war, and he ordered numerous arrests, and sent victims to the scaffold on the slightest suspicion. He soon dispensed with even a show of trial ; without any judicial proceedings, prisoners were murdered by wholesale ; and as the guillo- tine did not afford sufficient means of execution, boats provided with valves were procured, which, after receiving on board hundreds of prisoners, were towed to the middle of the Loire, where they were sunk to the bottom with their human cargo. The first of these noyades de Nantes comprised 94 priests ; sev- eral others took place in which women and children were mingled with men. The prison- ers were confined in a vast building called the warehouse; every day, at nightfall, numbers of them were summoned on board the fatal boats, and their death was hidden in the dark- ness of night. He also invented the so-called "republican marriage," in which victims were tied in couples, sometimes a man and woman together, then flung into the river, or forced from the boat by the sword or bayonet. Mean- while numbers of prisoners were also shot in the vicinity of Nantes. The convention was for a while kept ignorant of these scenes ; the killing of prisoners he reported as the " trans- lation of culprits." The citizens of Nantes did not dare to denounce him, as they were under the impression that he acted in accordance with the orders of the convention. At last the assembly became aware of the real state of things, and Carrier was recalled by the com- mittee of public safety. Strongly denounced by public opinion after the fall of Robespierre, he was arraigned before the revolutionary tri- bunal, Nov. 25, 1794, and sentenced to death. CiRRIERE, DIoritz, a German philosopher, born at Griedel, March 5, 1817. He studied at Giessen, Gottingen, and Berlin, and perfected his knowledge of art in Italy. In 1842 he be- came private teacher in the university, in 1849 professor at Giessen, and in 1853 at Munich, where he lectures chiefly on aesthetics at the university and on art history at the acad- emy. He has written various works on phi- losophy, religion, poetry, and esthetics, trans- lated into German the letters of Abelard d H61oise, composed a poem on the last light of the Girondists, urged the conver- sion of the cathedral of Cologne into a free hurch, and developed his liberal ideas in an essay on Cromwell. He has also pre- pared annotated editions of Goethe's Faust and Schiller's Wilhelm Tell; and during the 27 Franco-German war he delivered lectures on Die sittliche Weltordnung in den Zeichen und Aufgaben unserer Zeit (Munich, 1870), and on Deutsche Geisteshelden im Elmss (1871). He is foremost among German thinkers who seek to reconcile Christianity with science, art, and history, and who are opposed to ultramon- tanism. His most celebrated work is Die Kunst im Zusammenhange der Culturentwielce- lung und die Ideale der Memchheit (4 vols., Leipsic, 1863-'71). _ CARRIER PIGEON, a variety of the common pigeon (coluniba livia). This, the pigeon prive of B61on, the pigeon domestique of Brisson, the wild rock pigeon of the British, and the colom- men of the Welsh, is the stock from which ornithologists generally now agree that the do- mestic pigeon is derived. The varieties of this bird, produced under the fostering hand of man, the tumblers, croppers, jacobines, runts, spots, 1, 2. Methods of attaching stettei-s. 8. Lieffe Carrier. 4. Antwerp Garner. turbits, owls, nuns, &c., would fill a volume; the carrier, however, demands especial notice. The carrier pigeon is a bird larger than the common pigeon, measures about 15 inches in length, and weighs about 1J Ib. The neck is long, and the pectoral muscles are very large, indicating a power of vigorous and long-con- tinued flight. An appendage of naked skin hangs across its bill, and continues down on either side of the lower mandible. According to its size and shape the amateurs of carrier pigeons estimate the value of the bird. They consider those pigeons the best that have the appendage rising high on the head, and of con- siderable width across the bill, and that are also distinguished by a wide circlet around the eyes, destitute of feathers. The instinct which renders this bird so valuable is its very strong love of home, which is in some degree common