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846 CHAUS CHAUVENET CHAUS. See LYNX. CHAUSSARD, Pierre Jean Baptist*, a French au- thor, born in Paris in 1766, died there in 1823. He had achieved considerable reputation as a jurist and scholar at the outbreak of the rev- olutibn, in which he took an active part under the name of Publicola. He was appointed commissioner in Belgium, but his arbitrary proceedings led to his speedy return to Paris. For a short time he held several local offices, and from 1803 to 1815 he was professor in various towns. The restoration depriving him of employment, he continued to write on a great variety of subjects. The best of his works is pitre sur quelques genres dont Boi- leau 'a point fait mention dans son Art poe- tique (1811), of which he published in 1817 a poetical version under the title of Poetique secondaire, &c. His most popular ode was L 1 Industrie et let arts. His works on Greek courtesans and on Heliogabalus have been cen- sured on account of their superficial and licen- tious character; but his works on art, educa- tion, &c., enjoy a better reputation. < HUTAI <{( A, the westernmost county of New York, bounded N. W. by Lake Erie, and W. and S. by Pennsylvania; area, about 1,000 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 59,327. It is well sup- plied with water power, and drained by Cone- wango creek, its tributaries, and several other smaller streams. Chautauqua ridge passes through the county. Between this ridge and the lake, a distance of from 8 to 10 m., the sur- face is nearly level, and the soil very fertile. The country around the streams is also ex- tremely productive. Iron ore, marble, and eulplmr springs have been found in several place?. There are springs emitting carburetted hydrogen, the gas from some of which has been successfully employed in lighting houses. The Erie, the Atlantic and Great Western, the Lake Shore, the Buffalo, Corry, and Pittsburgh, and the Dunkirk, Warren, and Pittsburgh railroads traverse the county. The chief pro- ductions in 1870 were 148,849 bushels of wheat, 254,110 of Indian corn, 755,451 of oats, 48,927 of barley, 314,873 of potatoes, 162,272 tons of hay, 773,880 Ibs. of cheese, 5,049,087 of butter, 193,891 of wool, and 342,732 of maple sugar. There were 13,244 horses, 46,- 990 milch rows, 20,511 other cattle, 40,404 sheep, and 13,429 swine. There were 9 man- ufactories of agricultural implements, 53 of carriages, 13 of cheese, 18 of furniture, 8 of machinery, 2 of woollen goods, 1 railroad re- pair shop, 9 planing mills, 50 saw mills, 21 tan- neries, 26 flour mills, 1 manufactory of cars, 1 of rectified coal oil, 1 of edged tools and axes, 1 of hardware, 2 of iron castings, 1 of pianos, 2 of paper, 23 of saddlery and harness, 5 breweries, and 9 establishments for currying leather. Capital, Mayville. < lll I U qi I LAKE, a beautiful sheet of water in the centre of Chautauqua co., N. Y., 18 m. long and from 1 to 3 m. wide. It lies 1,290 ft. above the Atlantic and 730 ft. above Lake Erie. Its outlet, which is navigable by small boats, opens into Alleghany river. The name is a corruption of an Indian phrase signifying a "foggy place," and was given in consequence of the mists which frequently rise from the surface of the lake. CHAlVEAl, Pierre J. 0., a Canadian states- man and author, born at Quebec, May 30, 1820. He received his education at the seminary in that city, and studied law. He first attracted attention as a writer in Le Canadien from 1888 to 1841. In 1844 he was elected to the legislature for the county of Quebec. He was solicitor general in 1851, and provincial secre- tary in 1853, holding the latter office till 1855, when he was appointed superintendent of education for Lower Canada. Under his ad- ministration of the school system normal schools were established, and the cause of education advanced. After the confederation was organized, he was first minister of the government of Quebec from 1867 to the begin- ning of 1873, when he became speaker of the senate of Canada. He has considerable literary reputation in Canada. His principal work is " Charles Guerin," a novel published in 1853, which gives a graphic picture of French-Cana- dian life and society. It was the first French- Canadian novel ever published. CHAtVEAU-LAGARDE, Clande Francis, a French advocate, born at Chartres about 1760, died in Paris in February, 1841. He acted as advocate for Miranda, Brissot, Charlotte Corday, Marie Antoinette, and Madame Elisabeth. Soon after the condemnation of the queen he was arrested, and was not liberated till after the fall of Ro- bespierre. He was advocate to the council of state under Napoleon, and was appointed to con- gratulate Louis XVIII. on his entrance into the capital. After the second restoration he de- voted himself to the defence of the proscribed. Besides numerous speeches and political pam- phlets, he published narratives of the trials of Marie Antoinette and Madame Elisabeth. CHAUVENET, William, an American mathema- tician and astronomer, born in Milford, Penn., May 24, 1819, died at St. Paul, Minn., Dec. 13, 1870. He graduated with high honors in 1840 at Yale college, where his mathematical tal- ents had already found an early recognition. He immediately became associated with Alex- ander Dallas Baehe, his life-long friend and master in science, in delicate and important meteorological and magnetic observations at (iirard college, Philadelphia. This connection continued till his appointment in 1841 to a professorship of mathematics in the navy. lie promoted the establishment of the naval acad- emy at Annapolis, the change in the system of educating naval officers, and the institution of the naval academy observatory, of which last he was at once appointed director. In 1859 he was called to the chair of mathematics and astronomy at Yale college and at the Washington university of St. Louis, Mo. Choosing the latter, he continued there till