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392 CHEVALIER CHEVERUS appeared in 1838, a brilliant sketch of the in- ternal improvements planned by M. Mole, was received with equal favor. In 1840 Chevalier entered the council of state and the superior board of agriculture and trade, succeeded M. Rossi in the professorship of political economy at the college de France, and a few months later was promoted to the rank of chief en- gineer of mines. In his Histoire et description des voies de communication aux fitate Unis (2 vols., 1840-'42), he gives a full account of American railroads, with a view of their in- fluence upon social intercourse. His lectures at the college de France became very popular, and he continued his contributions to the Jour- nal des Debate. In 1845 he was elected to the chamber of deputies by the department of Aveyron; but his free-trade doctrines prevent- ed his reelection. He became the standard- bearer of the free-trade party, advocating his opinions in occasional pamphlets in the Debate and in the Revue des Deux, Mondes. In the latter periodical, after the revolution of 1848, he opposed the doctrines supported by Louis Blanc in the conferences at the Luxembourg ; the papers directed against the socialist apostle were entitled Question des travailleurs, and had their complement in the Lettres sur V or- ganisation du travail, which appeared in the Debate. This contest, in which Chevalier evinced anti-revolutionary sympathies, caused his dismissal from his professorship during the provisional government ; but he afterward re- gained official favor, and was reinstated in his chair at the college de France, and his seat at the council of state. In 1851 he was elected a member of the academy of moral and political sciences. He was one of the commissioners of the universal exposition of 1855 in Paris, and was president of the French division of the jury at the exhibition in London in 1862. In 1860 he assisted Mr. Cobden in negotiating the commercial treaty between France and Eng- land; and the same year he was appointed senator, and took a prominent part in the discussion of important subjects relating to finance and industry. To him was intrusted the publication of the official report on the dif- ferent classes of articles exhibited at the univer- sal exposition of 1867 in Paris, and he wrote the introduction, in which the entire subject of modern industry is philosophically treated. This was published in 1868 under the title Exposition universelle de 1867 a Paris, rap- ports du jury international. In 1866 he was a member of the commission to investigate the state of agriculture, and in 1869 was made president of the international league of peace. Besides the works already mentioned, he has published Uisthme de Panama, suivi d>un aperfu sur Visthme de Suez (1844) ; L^ liberte aux tate Unis (1849) ; Examen du t>ysteme commercial connu sous le nom de systeme pro- tecteur (1851) ; Questions politiques et sociales (1852); La question de Vor (1853); De la laisse probable de Vor, &c. (1857) ; ISexpedi- 1 tion du Mexique (1862) ; Le Mexique ancien et moderne (1863) ; Cours d 1 economic politique (3 vols., 1842-'50 ; new ed., 1866) ; and La guerre et la crise europeenne (1866). Many of his works have been translated into English. CHEVERUS, Jean Lonis Anne Madeleine Lefebvre de, a French prelate, the first Roman Catholic bishop of Boston, Mass., born at Mayenne, Jan. 28, 1768, died at Bordeaux, July 19, 1836. Af- ter completing his classical and theological studies, he was admitted to the priesthood in 1790, and officiated for some time as a curate at Mayenne ; but on his refnsal to take the oath ordered by the assembly, he went to England, and became a teacher of French and mathe- matics in a private Protestant school. In 1795 he proceeded to the United States, and joined the Catholic mission at Boston. The members of that church were then but few in number ; his well directed efforts gathered new adhe- rents, while his affability, simple and winning manners, fluency of speech, and inexhaustible benevolence, made him popular even among other religious denominations. From Boston he went to Newcastle, Maine, where he found- ed a Catholic church, and spent three months in missionary labors among the Indians on the Penobscot river, and in the vicinity of Passa- maquoddy bay. He was recalled to Boston, where the yellow fever was then raging with great severity, and gave renewed evidence of courage, devotion, and benevolence, which ex- tended to all persons without distinction of creed. When he opened a subscription for the building of a Catholic church in Boston, he found as- sistance among Protestants, President John Ad- ams heading the list. In 1808 he was appoint- ed by Pius VII. first bishop of Boston, and was consecrated as such notwithstanding his en- treaties and objections. He continued to at- tend to the humblest duties of the ministry, and to visit every year the Penobscot Indians. After living in Boston for nearly 30 years, he was recalled to France by Louis XVIII., who in 1823 appointed him to the bishopric of Mon- tauban. The vicinity of that town having been devastated by a flood, the bishop opened his residence as an asylum to all the sufferers. His popularity throughout France became at least equal to that he had enjoyed in America. A vacancy having occurred in the archbishop- ric of Bordeaux, he was appointed to that of- fice, and was at the same time created a peer of France by Charles X. His career at Bor- deaux was signalized by the establishment of several charitable institutions. When the chol- era broke out in that city his palace was again turned into a hospital, and at the entrance he caused to be inscribed the words, Maison de secours. ' He was also instrumental in calming the exasperation of the people, who attributed the disease to poisoning. On the revolution of July he lost his rank as peer of France, and de- clined receiving it back at the hands of Louis Philippe. He had no taste for offices or hon- ors of any kind, but could not prevent the king