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422 CHIGO CHILD memory of the family. They subsequently added the family name Albani of Pope Clement XI. to their own. The present head of the Chigi- Albani princes is Don SIGISMONDO, born Aug. 24, 1798. FLAVIO, a brother of Prince Sigismondo, and the present papal nuncio in Paris, born in 1810, was in 1848 an officer of the pope's body guard of nobles, and afterward took holy orders. On being appointed papal representative at the coronation of Alexander II. of Russia (Sept. 7, 1856), he received the title of archbishop of Mira in partibus. He was subsequently nuncio in Munich, and on Jan. 23, 1862, he was accredited in the same capacity in Paris. CHIGO, a species of flea (sarcopsylla pene- tranti), called also jigger and sand flea, found in the West Indies and the tropical regions of South America. It inhabits the sand and chinks in the stalls of animals, and it is only the impregnated female that is found on man. She bores deeply into the skin of the feet in order to deposit her eggs, and as soon as an attachment is obtained, her hindmost segment swells up in a wonderful manner beneath the skin, so that the thorax and head appear as appendages to a bladder often as large as a pea. This sac contains the eggs or larvtc, 1. Chigo, magnified. 2. Chigo gorged with blood. about 60 in number, which, if the sac be broken during removal, are scattered through the tis- sues, and give rise to troublesome ulcers, which may necessitate amputation. Its removal un- broken may be effected with a needle, as soon as the swelling takes place. The negroes, and others going without shoes and stockings, are liable to suffer from this insect ; and some of them acquire much dexterity in its removal. The best preventive is cleanliness and the con- stant wearing of shoes. CHIHUAHUA. I. A N. state of Mexico, bound- ed N. by New Mexico and Texas, E. by Coahuila, S. by Durango, and W. by Sinaloa and Sonora, between lat. 26 30' and 31 45' N., and Ion. 103 50' and 108 40' W. ; area, 105,295 sq. m. ; pop. 180,000. A prolongation of the Sierra Madre covers the western portion of the state, the mountains being in some parts little short of 180 m. in breadth. The mountain passes and fastnesses are frequented by savage In- dians. The plains maintain an average eleva- tion of from 4,000 to 5,000 ft., while the moun- tain systems by which they are traversed rarely rise to a greater altitude than 1,000 ft. above them, until by a gradual slope upward the Sierra Madre is reached, some of the peaks of which attain 8,000 ft. The Rio Grande del Norte serves as the dividing line with the Uni- ted States. The Conchos and the Verde are the other important rivers. The soil, especially in the northern districts, is in general stony and unfavorable to vegetation. But the valleys are very fertile, and support large herds of cattle ; and the region bordering the eastern slope of the Sierre Madre is well watered, and is reputed to possess the richest soil in the state. The vine is cultivated with some success ; cotton is raised, though to no considerable extent; and the chief resources of the people are their cattle, sheep, horses, and mules, all of which they export in large numbers. Gold, silver, copper, iron, tin, lead and other minerals abound, especially silver, for which the Chihuahua mines have been celebrated for centuries. The most productive silver mines were those of Batopilas, Jesus Maria, and El Parrnl, in the Sierra Madre, and those of Sta. Eulalia, in the plain a few miles distant from Chihuahua city. The region adjacent to the boundary line with the state of Sonora is interesting as the site of extensive ruins. (See CASAS GRANDES.) Wild animals abound, including black and grisly bears, the buffalo, the elk and other deer, the puma, ounce, and wild boar. The state is in- fested by tarantulas and scorpions, and there are four species of serpents. II. A city, capital of the state, and of a district of the same name, situated at the base of the Sierra Madre, in a beautiful plain, 800 m. N. W. of Mexico, in lat. 28 35' N., Ion. 105 30' W. ; pop. about 12,000. The most noteworthy public edifices are the magnificent cathedral, situated in the Plaza Mayor, constructed of hewn stone, at a cost of $800,000 ; the mint ; the prison, for- merly a convent of the Jesuits ; and the hand- some aqueduct by which the city is supplied with water. In the Plazuela de San Felipe is a monument commemorative of the execution on the same spot of the first heroes of Mexican independence ; and there are two hospitals, a house of correction, a military and several other schools. Chihuahua was founded in 1691, and erected into a town in 1718, when it is said to have had over 70,000 inhabitants. CHILBLAIN, an atonic inflammation or chronic engorgement of the skin and subcutaneous or cellular tissue, caused by sudden alternations of temperature, generally by exposing the hands and feet when benumbed with cold to too great heat. As it usually appears, the skin is reddened and somewhat swelled, painful on pressure, with considerable tingling and itch- ing. It is most frequently seen on the toes, heel, and ball of the foot, and appears only during the winter season. The treatment con- sists in stimulating lotions, such as salt and water, or tincture of iodine. CHILD, Sir Joslah, an English merchant, born in London in 1630, died there in 1699. He was for some time chairman of the East India company, and wrote several papers, without