CHINA (LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE) CHINA SEA 485 (1871); Doolittle, "Vocabulary and Hand- book of the Chinese Language " (2 vols. 4to, Foochow and Shanghai, 1872-'3) ; Kwong Tsun-fuh, "English and Chinese Lexicon" (Hong Kong, 1868) ; Williams, " English and Chinese Vocabulary, in the Court Dialect" (Macao, 1844), and " Tonic Dictionary of the Chinese Language, in the Canton Dialect " (Can- ton, 1856); Chalmers, "English and Canton- ese Pocket Dictionary" (Hong Kong, 1859); Stent, " Chinese and English Vocabulary, in the Pekinese Dialect" (Shanghai, 1871); Med- hurst, " Dictionary of the Hokkeen Dialect " (Macao, 1832); Maclay and Baldwin, "Al- phabetic Dictionary of the Chinese Lan- guage, in the Foochow Dialect" (Foochow, 1870). GRAMMARS. 1. Latin. Premare, Notitia Linguae Sinicce (Malacca, 1831). 2. Portuguese. Goncalvez, Arte China (Macao, 1829). 3. French. R6rnusat, filemens de la grammaire chinoise (Paris, 1822) ; this has been republished, edited by De Rosny ; Bazin, Memoire sur les principes generaux du chinois vulgaire (Paris, 1845), and Grammaire man- darine (1856) ; Rochet, Manuel pratique de la langue chinoise vulgaire (Paris, 1846) ; Ju- lien, Syntaxe nowoelle de la langue chinoise (Paris, 1869-'70). 4. German. Endlicher, Anfangsgriinde der chinesischen Grammatilc (Vienna, 1845); Schott, Chinesische Sprach- lehre (Berlin, 1857). 5. Russian. Hyakinth, Kitaislcaya grammatika (St. Petersburg, 1838). 6. English. Marshman, Clavis Sinica (Seram- pore, 1814); Morrison, "A Grammar of the Chinese Language " (Serampore, 1816); Gutz- laff, " Notices on Chinese Grammar" (Batavia, 1842) ; J. G. Bridgman, " The Notitia Linguae Sinicce of Premare, translated into English " (Canton, 1847); Summers, "Handbook of the Chinese Language" (Oxford, 1863), and "The Rudiments of the Chinese Language " (London, 1864) ; Lobscheid, " Grammar of the Chinese Language" (Hong Kong, 1864); Edkins, "A Grammar of Colloquial Chinese, as exhibited in the Shanghai Dialect " (Shanghai, 1853 ; 2d ed., 1868), and "A Grammar of the Chinese Colloquial Language, commonly called the Mandarin Dialect" (1857; 2d ed., 1864); Baldwin, "Manual of the Foochow Dialect" (Foochow, 1871). Among the phrase books and manuals we may notice Morrison's "Dia- logues and Detached Sentences in the Chinese Language" (Macao, 1816); Shaou-tih's "Eng- lish and Chinese Student's Assistant " (Malacca, 1826); Legge's "Lexilogus of the English, Ma- lay, and Chinese Languages" (Malacca, 1841); Bridgman's "Chinese Chrestomathy in the Canton Dialect" (Macao, 1841); Williams's "Easy Lessons in Chinese" (Macao, 1842); Medhurst's "Chinese Dialogues" (Shanghai, 1844 ; revised ed. by his son, 1863) ; Edkins's
- ' Chinese Conversations" (Shanghai, 1852);
- 'Doty's Anglo-Chinese Manual, with Roman-
ized Colloquial in the Amoy Dialect " (Canton, 1853); Hernisz's "Guide to Conversation in English and Chinese" (Boston, 1854); Lob- scheid's "Beginner's First Book, or Vocabu- lary of the Canton Dialect " (Hong Kong, 1858); Wade's " Hsin-ching-lu, or Book of Experiments" (Hong Kong, 1859); Macgow- an's " Collection of Phrases in the Shanghai Dialect" (Shanghai, 1862); Thoms's "The Chinese Speaker" (Ningpo, 1846); Edkins's "Progressive Lessons in the Chinese Spoken Language" (Shanghai, 1862); Martin's "The Analytical Reader" (Shanghai, 1863); Lob- scheid's " Select Phrases and Reading Lessons in the Canton Dialect," and "Tourist's Guide and Merchant's Manual " (Hong Kong, 1864) ; Rubery's " Easy Phrases in the Canton Dia- lect " (Canton, 1866) ; Lobscheid's " Household Companion and Student's First Assistant " (Hong Kong, 1867); Wade's "Yu-yen Teu-erh Chi, a Progressive Course designed to assist the Student of Colloquial Chinese," and " Wen-chien Tzu-erh Chi, a Series of Papers selected as Specimens of Documentary Chinese " (London, 1867); Macgowan's "A Manual of the Amoy Colloquial" (Hong Kong, 1869); and Wylie's "Notes on Chinese Literature" (Shanghai, 1867). CHINANDEGA, a town in the Occidental de- partment of Nicaragua, situated on the plain of Leon, about 6 m. from Realejo on the Pacific, which is its seaport; pop. about 15,000. It lies in the midst of a district of extraordina- ry fertility and agricultural resources, which, however, are but poorly developed. It con- sists of two contiguous towns, Old and New Chinandega, and is almost the only place in Nicaragua that has grown since the separation from Spain; a considerable part of the inhabi- tants of Leon, tired of the turmoils and dangers of the political capital, having sought here comparative quiet and security. Many of the houses, which are straggling and devoid of architectural taste, are surrounded by gardens and plantations. During the existence of the first Central American confederacy, the con- gress met at Chinandega. CHINA SEA (Chinese, Nan-hai, Southern sea), that portion of the Pacific cut off from the main ocean by a chain of islands, of which Borneo, the Philippines, and Formosa are the principal. It is bounded E. by this chain of islands, and W. by China, Anam, and the Malay peninsula. On the N. it opens into the Tang-hai, or East- ern sea, through the Formosa channel; on the E. into the Pacific through the Balintang chan- nel, between the islands of Formosa and Luzon ; on the S. into the Indian ocean through the sea and strait of Sunda ; on the S. W. into the sea of Bengal through the strait of Malacca. Its extreme length, S. W. to N. E., from the ex- tremity of the Malay peninsula to Formosa, is about 2,000 m. ; average breadth, W. to E., from the continent of Asia to the chain of isl- ands, about 750 m. It has two deep indenta- tions : the gulf of Tonquin, between China and Anam; and the gulf of Siam, between Siam and the Malay peninsula. The islands are few, Hainan being the only one of considerable size.
