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572 CIBOT CICERO of Godfrey de Bouillon," " The Victory of Ray- mond Dupuy," " The Defence of Beauvais," in the gallery of Versailles, " Spring," " Sum- mer," &c. He obtained a medal of the second class in 1836, of the first class in 1843, honor- able mention in 1855, and in 1863 the decora- tion of the legion of honor. CIBOT, Pierre Martial, a French Jesuit mis- sionary in China, born at Limoges in 1727, died in Peking, Aug. 8, 1780. He was edu- cated in Paris, and distinguished himself by his fine scholarship. He set out for China in 1758. First admitted into the household of the emperor as a gardener, his learning and talent soon gained for him the position of court mathematician. He conceived the pro- ject of explaining the Old Testament through a connection between the history of the Jews and Chinese, and wrote a long commentary on the book of Esther in pursuance of that object. Extracts from this, and a large number of his dissertations, are contained, with those of Amiiit . in the Memoires concernant les Chinois. CIBRABIO, Lnigi, an Italian statesman and historian, born in Turin, Feb. 23, 1802, died at Salo in the province of Brescia, Oct. 1, 1870. He took his degree as doctor of civil and canon law in 1824, and devoted himself during a great portion of his life to historical research. He was for many years in the service of King Charles Albert of Sardinia, and was sent by him on diplomatic missions to Switzerland, France, and Austria. In 1848 he took posses- sion of Venice as commissioner of Sardinia, and the same year became a member of the senate. After the abdication of Charles Al- bert in 1849, he was sent to Oporto to endeav- or to induce the king to return, and wrote an account of that unsuccessful mission. He bo- came a member of Victor Emanuel's cabinet in 1852, as minister of finance, and in 1855 was minister of foreign affairs under Cavour, which post he held during the Crimean war. In 1860 he became minister of state, and in the follow- ing year received the title of count. His his- torical works include histories of Turin, Ge- neva, and the kingdom of Savoy, notices of the princes of Savoy, a life of Charles Albert, and an account of the political economy of the middle ages. He also published several vol- umes of novels, and editions of Petrarch and other eminent Italian writers. CICACOLE, or Chieacole, a town, fort, and can- tonment of British India, presidency of Ma- dras, in an ancient district of the same name, one of the five Northern Circars, 110 m. S. W. of Ganjam and 445 m. N. E. of Madras; pop. about 12,800. The town, situated on the left bank of the Naglaudee, a few miles above its mouth in the bay of Bengal, is a straggling place with narrow crooked streets and houses built of mud. There are several mosques, one of high reputed sanctity, and a number of bazaars of considerable importance. The manufactures are chiefly of common cotton goods and of fine muslins, the latter rivalling those of Dacca in Bengal. The fort, N. of the town, is completely dismantled, its walls and ditch being hardly traceable. It contains the regimental offices. The encampment is about 100 yards S. E. of the fort. At the corner of the parade ground is a small church, and the London missionary society has a school within the town, where English is taught. There are also several native schools. CICERO, Marnis Tnllius, a Roman orator, statesman, and philosopher, born at Arpinum, Jan. 3, 106 B. C., assassinated Dec. 7, 43 B. C. He belonged to an equestrian family, and with his brother Quintus was educated at Rome by eminent teachers, among whom was the poet Archias. At the age of 17 he attached him- self to Quintus Mucius Screvola, the augur and pontifex, to study law and politics ; he studied the Epicurean philosophy under Phredrus. The social war interrupted these pursuits, and he was obliged to serve in the army ; but at its close he returned to his studies. He was a pupil of Philo the Academic, and became fa- miliar with the Stoic philosophy under Diodo- tus, who lived in his house; in rhetoric his teacher was Molo of Rhodes. He made his first appearance as an orator in a civil suit; but his infirm health stopped him at the begin- ning of his career, and for its restoration he travelled in Greece and Asia in 79-'8. At Athens he became acquainted with Atticus, a Roman knight, whose friendship he enjoyed until his death ; at Rhodes he met Molo, and again placed himself under his tutorship, over- coming his violent manner of speaking, which his feeble frnme was unable to bear. He re- turned to Rome refreshed in body and mind, and from this time may be dated his public career. In 75 he was qurestor under Sextus Peducaeus, prsator of Sicily, where he ruled with the greatest justice, beloved by all the people. In 70 he brought his accusation against Verres for extortion in Sicily. In 69 he was cedile, in 66 praetor, and in 63 consul. His consulship has been rendered immortal by the suppression of Catiline's conspiracy, for which he was styled pater patria. But here he laid the foundation for his own de- struction. Hatred, envy, and his own boast- ing had made him many enemies, especially Clodius, whom he had mortally offended, and, unable to endure the shocks of party strife, he left Rome in 58; the enraged people burned and destroyed his house and villas. At this period Cicero yielded to the most unmanly despair, and showed himself of a weak and timorous disposition. In 57, how- ever, his party regained power, and he re- turned with great joy, Lentulus and Spinther being consuls, and Milo, the opposer of Clo- dius, tribune. The forum and senate became again the theatres of his actions for many years. In 53 he was chosen into the college of augurs, and in 52 he defended Milo. In 51 he was proconsul of Cilicia in Asia Minor, which he governed with the strictest justice ; in this