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574 CICERO class of rhetoric usually contained in the wri- tings of Cicero does not belong to him ; it is entitled Rhetoricorum ad C. Herennium libri guatuor. The opinion that this belonged to Cicero arose from quotations in the Latin fa- thers as his ; Quintilian quotes similar passages as coming from Cornificius. Leaving Cicero out of the question, opinions vary as to the writer ; some ascribe it to Tullius, others to Tiro, and some to Cicero's son Marcus. The second work is De Inventione Rhetorica, in two books, written in his youth ; it is con- sidered of no importance even by Cicero him- self; it seems to be notes of lectures, and this and the preceding may be merely minutes taken by two individuals of the same course of lectures. The third is De Oratore libri tres ad Quintum Fratrem, written about the year 55 ; it is a dialogue between distinguished orators of the age preceding his own, when Crassus and Antonius flourished ; his object was to set uj> his ideal of an orator, and to prescribe the course of education ; he is not so lively as Pla- to, but yet is very pleasing. lie attached some value to it, and it is the more interesting as it shows his own manner of education ; it is writ- ten with great art, ease, and grace, and abounds in beautiful digressions, as that on wit, in the second book. It is one of the most perfect of his works. The fourth is Brutus, she de Cla- ris Oratoril>us, written in 46, after his return from Pharsalia ; this is also in the form of a dialogue, and is very important as a history of Roman eloquence ; it has also a short preface on the eloquence of Greece. The fifth is Ora- tor, site de Optimo Dicendi Genere, addressed to Brutus, in which he delineates the perfect orator. The sixth is Topica, addressed to Tre- batius, published in July, 44, just after the death of Caesar ; it was written on a journey to Rhegium, in compliance with the request of Trebatius that he would make him a manual on legal arguments ; it is an abstract of the " Top- ics " of Aristotle, which Trebatius was unable to comprehend. This is the same Trebatius whom Horace consults as to whether he should write satires or not. The seventh is De Partitione Oratoria, a dialogue between Cicero and his son ; it was written about 46, and is a manual of rhetoric, treating of the doctrine of arrange- ment according to rhetorical rules. The genu- ineness of this has been questioned, probably on account of its numerous defects. The last is De Optimo Genere Oratorum, a small work, a preface to translations of two orations of De- mosthenes and ^Eschines ; he had been charged with belonging to the Asiatic school, and he here vindicates himself, and shows the v best kind of eloquence. The second class of Cicero's works consists of his orations ; many of these have not come down to us, either because they were not delivered after they were prepared, or because they were not written down until a long time after they were delivered ; many fragments of single orations leave no doubt of the excellency of those which have been lost. In his orations Cicero discusses matters of state and of private life, and affords invaluable sources of information regarding the public and domes- tic usages of Rome. His-lst oration in public was Pro P. Quintio, in which he defeated his rival Hortensius, delivered in September, 81 B. 0. The 2d, Pro Sexto Roscio Amerino; this was his first criminal case, in which he refutes the charge of murder brought against his client, in the year 80 ; Cicero displayed considerable courage in the management of this case, as in it he was opposed to the dictator Sulla, and had to deal with many delicate political relations ; he gained his case, and with it great fame. The 3d, Pro Q. Roscio, Comcedo, delivered in 76; in this he defends the great actor, who had been sued for debt ; the beginning of this oration is lost. The 4th, In Q. Ccecilium, a kind of pre- face to the accusation of Verres, in the year 70 ; Ceecilius claimed the right to accuse Verres. The 5th, In Verrem, divided into two parts: the first actio is the introduction, in which he brings forward the proofs of Verres's guilt, in one oration ; the second actio consists of sev- eral orations, in which he gives an account of Verres's crimes ; these were not delivered, as the accused withdrew his cause alter the first actio, and went into voluntary exile; Cicero, however, published them. The 6th, Pro M. Fonteio, in the year 69, in which he defends the accused in a charge of extortion, by ex- citing pity for his client, and odium against his accusers; the first part is wanting, and of the rest there is only one MS. at Rome. The 7th, Pro Lege Manilla, in 66, delivered before the people in favor of the motion of Manilius that the command of the Mithridatic war should be given to Pompey ; this is a famous and beauti- ful oration. The 8th, Pro Aulo Cluentio Avito, in 66, by which he obtained the acquittal of the defendant, who had been accused of poison- ing his father-in-law. The 9th, De Lege Agra- ria in Sercilium Rullum Oration ea tres, in 63 ; the intention of Cicero was to defeat the plans of Rullus, who wished to sell the public lands for the benefit of the plebeians ; this oration is very important, as it treats of the administra- tion of the Roman public lands, but for this very reason it is diflicult to understand. The 10th, Pro C. Rdbirio, delivered before the people ; this was a case of murder, and the duumviri chosen had been appointed in an unusual manner ; after his sentence the defen- dant, as was the custom, appealed ; this oration treats of prerogatives ; Niebuhr has made some discoveries concerning it in the Vatican. The llth, consisting of four orations, In Catilinam, in 63, famous for their eloquence, and histori- cally of great importance, as showing the state of the times ; these orations have had innumer- able commentators, and are familiar to every Latin scholar. The 12th, Pro L. Murena, in 6S ; he had been accused of using improper means to gain the consulship in opposition to Servius Sulpicius Rufus ; this also gives a vivid picture of the times. In this oration Cicero is