Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume IV.djvu/592

580 CIGNANI CILIA king cigars ; so much so that it is difficult to dis- criminate between the genuine and the spurious article, excepting by trial, and even then in some cases it requires the nicest taste to detect the difference. Many persons engaged in this business import tobacco from Cuba, employ the Connecticut leaf for wrappers, and produce an article equal in appearance to the very best made in Havana. In Bremen and Hamburg immense numbers of cigars are made, and ship- ped to every point of the habitable globe at very low prices. The city of Bremen, which was among the first to adopt this branch of industry, has now become one of the first mar- kets in the world for the sale of cigars. In Spain, the manufactories at Seville have attain- ed a high European reputation, and, being pro- tected by government, very nearly monopolize the trade. The employment of female labor in the manipulation of this article is one of its no- ticeable features ; and it is work particularly adapted to women, requiring great dexterity and peculiar delicacy in the handling. The consumption of cigars extends all over the globe, and increases yearly in a wonderful ratio. The number of cigars exported from Havana in 1872 was 229,087,545 ; of cigarettes, 19,344,707. In 1873, to April 18, the numbers were 78,655,231 and 5,501,769 respectively. The annual home consumption of cigars in Cuba was estimated some years ago, in a con- sular report, at nearly 1,500,000,000. CIGXAAI, Carlo, an Italian painter, born in Bologna in 1628, died at Forli, Sept. 6, 1719. He was a pupil of Albano, and passed a num- ber of years at Rome, Florence, and Parma, studying the works of Raphael and Correggio. On the establishment of the Clementine acad- emy by Pope Clement XI. in 1708, he was ap- pointed the director. Among his principal works are the "Assumption of the virgin," an immense fresco in the dome of a church at Forli, which occupied him 20 years ; the " En- try of Pope Paul III. into Bologna," " Francis I. healing the Lepers," the "Nativity," the "Virgin and Infant enthroned," four subjects from sacred history in ovals, supported by angels (all at Bologna), " Charity," and the "Chastity of Joseph." CICNAKOLI, Giovanni Btttlno, an Italian paint- er, born near Verona in 1706, died in 1772. His best works are in the cathedrals of Pisa, Bergamo, Mantua, and in the churches of his native city and of Ferrara. Chief among them are the "Flight into Egypt," the "Holy Trinity," the " Descent from the Cross," the "Transfiguration," and the "Death of St. Joseph," in style modelled on the works of Cor- reggio and Guido. He wrote with taste on various subjects. CILIA (Lat.* cilium, an eyelash), minute, hair- like, constantly moving organs on the surface of animal and vegetable tissues. They are abundantly found in all the individuals be- longing to the class of microscopical ani- malcules, the most minute and the lowest in organization of all created beings. Examined by the microscope, these remarkably delicate organs are seen to be in incessant vibratory action, and hence they are usually described as vibratile cilia. In this lowly class of ani- mals the cilia appear to perform three very im- portant functions: 1, their vibration causes a vortex in the water, by means of which parti- cles of food in the phytivorous species, and smaller animalcules in the carnivorous tribes, are brought unresisting to the rnouth ; thus are they the fruitful agents for procuring food ; 2, they constitute the sole organs of locomo- tion ; and 3, they are the respiratory organs. In consequence of the general minuteness of animalcules, it is very difficult to discern the precise kind of motion incidental to the vibra- tile cilia ; the superior size, however, of the members of the class rotifera has left nothing to be regretted on tliis account. If the water containing specimens of the common wheel animalcule (rotifer vulgaris) be slightly poi- soned, sufficiently to interfere with their res- piration, the cilia will be seen to move so very slowly that their precise action may be readily perceived. It will then be seen that the down stroke is a very rapid one so rapid that, in a healthy vigorous state, it cannot be seen, the up strokes being alone visible ; and placed on a rounded tubercle, as they are in R. vvlgaris, their combined action gives the appearance of a wheel revolving, and hence the common name of the class ; the up stroke is singularly slow. Striking the arm down quickly, and drawing it back slowly, is the best approx- imation to the true action of the vibratile cilia. The excellence of modern microscopes, and the improved methods of conducting the ex- amination of difficult objects, have thrown a new light on this interesting subject. We now know that these remarkable organs are not restricted to the animal kingdom, but are extensively developed in the lower plants, where they appear to perform two of the functions witnessed in the animalcules, viz., locomotion and respiration. They are exten- sively developed in the common but beautiful fresh-water alga, volvox globata, in all the spe- cies of conferva, closteria, &c. In all these locomotive plants, by the application and care- ful management of the achromatic illuminator, the cilia while the plants are in motion become distinctly visible, but they are no longer to be seen when the plant is at rest. Passing from the lowest to the higher grades of animal life, even among vertebrates vibratile cilia are con- stantly found, but differing in their mode of arrangement. In animalcules these delicate hair-like processes appear to be attached di- rectly to the tissues of which they form a part, but in mollusks we find the unmistakable evi- dence of the development of epithelium as the protecting medium of certain organs. Thus the. oyster, mussel (mytilus edulis), and all the bivalves, whether of the fresh waters or marine, have their respiratory organs, the gills, covered