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52 CASCO BAY Cascarilla (Croton Eleutherla). sometimes mixed a small quantity of it with their tobacco, but this is very injurious. CISCO BAY, on the coast of Maine, lying be- tween Cape Elizabeth and Cape Small Point, 20 m. apart. It contains several hundred small islands, some of which are favorite resorts during the summer season. (ASK, in law, a formal statement of facts agreed upon by the parties, or stated by a judge, with a view to obtaining the judgment of the court thereon. Formerly in England cases were sometimes directed by the court of chan- cery, in suits pending therein, for the judgment of the common law courts, but this practice is now abolished. Action on the case, or trespass on the case, is a form of personal action, tirst used in the reign of Edward III., as a remedy for injuries to which the forms then in vogue were not adapted, and receiving its name from the fact that the case of the plaintiff was set forth in the original writ. It is so compre- hensive in its scope as to lie wherever a party has sustained a legal injury to person or prop- erty, for which no other form of action affords a remedy. This, which may be called a natu- ral species of action, in contradistinction from those which are of a more technical character, is retained in the codes which have recently been adopted in several of the American states, the purpose of which has been to simplify plead- ings and proceedings at law. CASE, William, an American Methodist cler- gyman, born at Swansea, Mass., Aug. 27, 1780, died at Alnwick mission house, Canada, Oct. 19, 1855. He was received into the New York conference in 1805, and for It? years was pre- siding elder in central and western New York and in Canada. In 1828 he was appointed su- perintendent of Indian schools and missions in Canada, which post he filled till his death, and became known as " the apostle to the Ca^'sWan Indians." He was the director of the Methodist ministry in Canada, and thus became powerful in shaping the religious history of that region. CASE-HARDENING CASEINE. See CHEESE. CASERTA. I. Or Terra di Lavoro. a province of Italy, formerly a part of the kingdom of Naples, bounded by the provinces of Rome, Aquila, Campobasso, Benevento, Avellino, and Naples, and the Mediterranean; area, 2,307 sq. m. ; pop. in 1872 695,754. It comprises the districts of Caserta, Nola, Sora, Gaetn, and Piedimonte d'Alife. The most important mountains are Mt. Matese in the southeast, the Tifati mountains in the south, and the Mas- sico in the northwest. The chief rivers are the Garigliano, with its tributary the Lii-i, and the Volturno. Agriculture is flourishing, and cattle raising is conducted on a large scale. The province has large woods and silk, linen, and tapestry factories. The marshes N. of the Volturno have by drainage been converted into arable land. II. The capital of the prov- ince, situated in a fertile plain on the railway line from Naples to Capua, 17 m. N. E. of Na- ples; pop. in 1872, 29,142. It is the seat of a bishop, has a cathedral, a seminary, numerous churches, a convent, a military school, and ex- cellent barracks, and is noted for its magnifi- cent royal palace and aqueduct, both con- structed by Vanvitelli for Charles III. The palace contains a chapel and a large theatre, adorned with columns from an ancient temple of Serapis*. The gardens are supplied with water from a distance of 27 m. by means of a fine aqueduct. The principal branch of in- dustry is the manufacture of silks. On the hills behind Caserta is CASEETA VECCHIA, sur- rounded by a wall and towers probably of the 8th century, and containing a splendid cathe- dral and other churches. It was once a place of great importance, but has been eclipsed since the foundation of Caserta. Both towns were founded by the Lombards. CASE-HARDENING, a process of hardening the surface of iron by converting it into steel. For this purpose the articles are placed in an iron case, together with animal or vegetable charcoal, and subjected to the process of cementation. The carbon absorbed does not, in the short time allowed for the operation, penetrate beneath the surface. From two to eight hours is the usual time that the articles are exposed to a dull red heat. They are then taken out of the burnt bone dust or other carbonaceous sub- stance, and further hardened by quenching them in oil or cold water. Sometimes they are left to cool in the case, and are afterward tem- pered. Prussiate of potash has in various ways been found a very useful material for affording its carbon to iron for producing steel. Being a combination of two atoms of carbon and one of nitrogen with one of potash, it offers no solid residue that interferes with the progress of the chemical change, or impairs the quality of the steel. In case-hardening, it is sprinkled or rubbed upon the iron heated to dull red, and this, after being put in the fire for a few min- utes, is taken out and tempered in water. The process is a convenient one where small