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640 CLARKE the rank of brigadier general in the army when Carnot appointed him in 1795 chief of the topographical bureau in the ministry of war, where he participated in arranging the plans which contributed to the triumphs of the French armies, and was promoted to the rank of general of division. Sent by the directory to watch the movements of Bonaparte, be was fascinated by the young hero, to whom he henceforth devoted his services. He was re- called and deprived of his rank and office by the directory; but after the 18th Brumaire he was restored to his former station, and soon intrusted with several important missions. In 1804 he was appointed councillor of state and private secretary of Napoleon on military af- fairs, and in August, 1807, minister of war, which post he kept until April 3, 1814. His promptness in forming an army of 60,000 sol- diers and sending it against the English, who had landed in the island of Walcheren in 1809, procured for him his titles of count and duke. Napoleon had always shown a great partiality for him ; but after his overthrow Clarke was among the first to join the Bourbons. He was created peer of France in June, 1814, and ap- pointed minister of war March 11, 1815, when Napoleon was marching toward Paris. Clarke, more faithful to his new than to his old master, accompanied Louis XVIII. to Ghent, and was sent on a mission to the prince of Wales. On the second restoration he was reappointed to the ministry of war, Sept. 28, 1815, received the marshal's baton July 3, 1817, and two months later resigned his post in the cabinet and retired to private life. CLARKE, Hyde, an English engineer and au- thor, born in London, Dec. 14, 1815. He is the son of an engineer, and devoted himself to the same profession and the literature relating to it, and to statistics. He resided for a number of years in the East, familiarizing himself with oriental languages and promoting English en- terprise in India and in connection with rail- ways in Turkey. He has lately resided in London, and is foreign secretary and secretary for comparative philology of the ethnological society, and a member of many learned asso- ciations. Among his numerous works are " Theory of Railway Investment " (1846), " En- gineering of Holland" (1849), "Comparative Philology" (1858), and an English dictionary (London, 1855; new enlarged ed., 1858) and grammar ; and he has lately published the re- sult of his studies of the Caucaso-Thibetan lan- guages and of his prehistoric and philological researches. He speaks Turkish and other east- ern languages fluently, and is a person of great industry and versatility. CLARKE, James Freeman, D. D., an American clergyman, born in Hanover, N. IL, April 4, 1810. He graduated at Harvard college in 1829, and at the Cambridge divinity school in 1833 ; was pastor of the Unitarian church in Louisville, Ky., from 1833 to 1840, of the church of the Disciples in Boston from 1841 to 1850, and again from 1853. He translated De Wette's "Theodore" (2 vols., 1840, in Rip- ley's "Specimens of Foreign Literature"); wrote the "Campaign of 1812," in the "Life and Military Services of Gen. William Hull " (1846); "Eleven Weeks in Europe" (1851); "Christian Doctrine of Forgiveness" (1852); " Service Book and Hymn Book for the Church of the Disciples" (1844 and 1856); "Memoirs of the Marchioness d'Ossoli (Margaret Fuller)," in connection with R. W. Emerson and W. H. Channing (1852); "Christian Doctrine of Prayer" (1854; new ed., 1856); "The Hour which cometh and now is " (1864) ; " Orthodoxy, its Truths and Errors" (1866); "Steps of Be- lief" (1870); "Ten Great Religions" (1871); and " Common Sense in Religion " (1 874). His aim in " Orthodoxy, its Truths and Errors," was to find the essential truth in a system from which he dissented, and afterward to point out its error. The purpose of the "Ten Great Reli- gions " is to give an account of each of these, down to the latest and best knowledge of our time, to compare each religion with Christian- ity, and to show the truth contained in and the deficiencies of each. His " Worship of the Church of the Disciples " combines the features of responses on the part of the congregation, as in the Episcopal service, the extempore prayer of the Congregationalists, and the silent prayer of the Friends. Besides the preceding he has published many articles in various pe- riodicals, several poems, and a number of pam- phlets. In 1863 he delivered in Boston the address on the tercentenary celebration of the birth of Shakespeare. For many years he has been one of the overseers of Harvard college, and in 1872 presented a minority report to that body in favor of the admission of women to the college. In 1863 the university con- ferred upon him the degree of D. D. CLARKE, John, one of the founders of Rhode Island, born in England, Oct. 8, 1609, died at Newport, April 20, 1676. He was a physician in London, and came to Massachusetts soon after its first settlement; but being one of the friends of Anne Hutchinson, he was obliged to flee with her and her associates from that colony. Proceeding to the south, they were welcomed by Roger Williams to his vicinity, formed themselves into an organization, and obtained from the Indians an island to which they gave the name of the Isle of Rhodes or Rhode Island. The settlement commenced in 1638 at Pocasset, and Mr. Clarke began to em- ploy himself as a preacher. In 1644 he found- ed at Newport the second Baptist church in America, and became its pastor. Venturing a few years later to preach in the vicinity of Boston, he was arrested by an officer of the government, was called first before a parish meeting and then before the court, and was condemned for what were adjudged false teach- ings to pay a fine of 20, or to be publicly whipped. He was obliged to pay his fine ;m<l leave the colony. In 1651 he was sent to Eng-