Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume IV.djvu/654

642 CLARKE CLARKSON in which Newton's more splendid ideas were inserted. His translation was used until the university had acquired confidence in New- ton's system. He afterward turned his atten- tion to divinity, and became chaplain to Dr. More, bishop of Norwich. In 1 699 he published some theological treatises of a practical nature, and afterward paraphrases of the four Gospels, which have often been printed. In 1704 he was appointed to deliver the Boyle lecture at Oxford, and selected as his subject " The Being and Attributes of God ;" and on being reap- pointed the next year he took "The Evidences of Natural and Revealed Religion." These lectures were published and passed through several editions, giving rise to much contro- versy. About 1706 he translated into English Newton's " Optics," and was rewarded by the great mathematician with a present of 500. Qneen Anne made him one of her chaplains and rector of St. James's, Westminster. At his taking the degree of D. D. he defended these two propositions: 1. No article of the Chris- tian faith delivered in the Holy Scriptures is contrary to right reason; 2. Without liberty of human action there can be no religion. In 1712 he published his celebrated treatise " On the Scripture Doctrine of the Trinity." The book was censured by the lower house of con- vocation, and Clarke made some explanations, which seem t<> have given the bishops more satisfaction than the inferior clergy. In 1715 he began a friendly controversy on free will with Leibnitz, who died before it was con- cluded. The papers written on each side were printed in 1717, in English and French. On the death of Sir Isaac Newton the ministry offered him the place of master of the mint, but he declined the office as unsuitable to his ecclesiastical character. In 1712 he published Ctesar's Commentaries with notes, and in 1729 12 books of the Iliad, with learned notes and a Latin translation. His " Exposition of the Church Catechism " and 10 volumes of sermons were published after his death. CLARKE, William, an American soldier, born in Virginia, Aug. 1, 1770, died in St. Louis, Mo., Sept. 1, 1838. In 1784 his father re- moved to Kentucky, and settled on the pres- ent site of the city of Louisville. Young Clarke early became acquainted with Indian warfare, and at the age of 18 he was appointed ensign and went into active service ; and on March 7, 1792, he became a lieutenant of infantry. Appointed adjutant and quartermaster in 1793, he served till July, 1796, when he resigned on account of ill health. He soon after took up his residence in St. Louis, and in 1803 was appointed by President Jefferson second lieu- tenant of artillery, with orders to assume, in connection with Capt. Meriwether Lewis, the command of an exploring expedition across the Rocky mountains to the mouth of the Colum- bia, which left St. Louis in March, 1804. Clarke was the principal military director of the ex- pedition, while he also rendered material as- sistance to Capt. Lewis in the scientific ar- rangements. It was to his consummate knowl- edge of Indian habits and manners that the expedition owed its success. He was pro- moted to the rank of first lieutenant in January, 1806. The nomination of lieutenant colonel, offered him by the government, was negatived by the senate, and resigning, Feb. 27, 1807, he officiated as Indian agent till he was appointed by congress brigadier general for the territory of Upper Louisiana. In 1813 President Madi- son appointed him governor of the Missouri territory, which post he held until the organi- zation of Missouri as a state in 1821, when, being nominated against his consent for gov- ernor of the state, he was defeated. In May, 1822, President Monroe appointed him superin- tendent of Indian affairs, which office he held till his death. CLARKE'S FORK, or River, a branch of the Columbia, formed at the "Horse Plain," near the centre of Missoula co., Montana, lat. 47 21' N., Ion. 114 38' W., by the junction of the Bitter Root river from the south and the Flat- head from the north. It flows in a general N. W. direction, and joins the Columbia in Wash- ington territory, lat. 48 50' N., Ion. 117 45' W. At its mouth there is a fall of 15 ft., and a quarter of a mile above it passes through a deep gorge, where there is a further fall of 3 ft. About 130 m. above its mouth the river expands into a lake, 45 m. long and 10 or 15 m. wide, called Pend d'Oreille or Kalispelum. The Flathead river rises in the Rocky moun- tains, in British Columbia, about lat. 49 30' N., flows S. into Montana, and for a short dis- tance before joining Clarke's river pursues a W. course. About 50 m. above the junction is Flathead lake. The Bitter Root rises in the Big Hole mountains in the S. W. part of Mon- tana, and flows first N., then N. W., and finally E. Its principal tributary is the Hell Gate, which rises in the Rocky mountains, about Int. 46 N., Ion. 112 30' W., and pursues a N. W. course. The total length of Clarke's river from the source of either tributary is about 050 m. CLARKSON, Thomas, an English abolitionist, born at Wisbeach, Cambridgeshire, March 26, 1760, died at Playford Hall, Suffolk, Sept. 26, 1846. He was the son of a clergyman, and was educated at St. John's college, Cain- bridge. In 1786 he obtained the prize for the best Latin essay on the question, Anne liceat invites in sertitutem dare? ( u Is it right to make men slaves against their will ? ). The investigation necessary in the preparation of this essay aroused his interest in behalf of the slaves. He gave up his professional prospects, though he had already taken deacon's onKrs, and resolved to devote his life to the abolition of the slave trade. He translated his prize es- say into English, and published a large edition for gratuitous circulation ; formed the acquain- tance of the American philanthropist Bene/et, and of James Ramsay, Granville Sharp, and Lord Barham; procured intelligence from