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CLAUSENBURG CLAVICLE 647 inces. In 1812 he distinguished himself in Spain at the disastrous battle of Salamanca, in which he was wounded, and won the name of the unfortunate hero of the Ara- piles, the total destruction of the French army having been averted by his skilful retreat after he had succeeded Marmont as commander-in- chief. In 1813, on the defeat of Joseph Bona- parte at Vitoria, he enabled Soult to protect the French frontier by impeding the progress of the English army. After Napoleon's abdi- cation at Fontainebleau he was appointed in- spector general of infantry by Louis XVIII. ; but he was among the first to join the emperor after his return from Elba. He was made a senator, and appointed commander of the army of the western Pyrenees, and forced the duch- ess of Angouleme to leave Bordeaux. After the restoration he was sentenced to death, but escaped to the United States, where he resided several years as a planter at Mobile, and where he wrote his Expose justicatif. Being amnes- tied in 1820, he returned to France, and in 1827 was elected to the chamber of deputies. In 1830 he was for a short time commander of the French army in Algeria, in 1831 was made a marshal, and in 1835 governor general of Algeria. An unfortunate expedition against Constantino was seized upon by his enemies as a pretext for effecting his recall ; but on visiting Algeria in 1838-'9 he was warmly welcomed. CLUSEXBIRG. See KLAUSENBURG. CLAUSEN, Henrik Nikolai, a Danish theologian and statesman, born at Maribo, April 22, 1793. He was the son of a celebrated preacher, and spent some time in Berlin, where Schleierma- cher deeply impressed him. He became profes- sor of theology in the university of Copenha- gen, and favored in his teachings and writings a free evangelical religious development. He was president of the provincial diet from 1842 to 1846, member of the constituent assembly and of the privy council in 1848, holding the rank of a minister without portfolio, and was one of the signers of the Danish constitution, June 5, 1849. He left the cabinet in 1851, but retained his seat in the Danish diet and resumed his lec- tures at the university. He edited the "Peri- odical for Foreign Theological Literature," and published a number of theological works. CLAUSEWITZ, Karl von, a Prussian soldier and military writer, born at Burg, June 1, 1780, died in Breslau, Nov. 16, 1831. He served in the army while a boy, and studied in the Ber- lin academy for young officers (1801-'3), where he attracted the attention of Gen. Scharnhorst, with whom he subsequently cooperated in the organization of the landwehr and in other mil- itary reforms. In 1806 he was adjutant of Prince Augustus, and was captured by the French. After the restoration of peace he acted till 1812 as major of the general staff, as assistant of Scharnhorst, and as military in- structor of the crown prince of Prussia and of Prince Frederick of the Netherlands. He next served with distinction in the Russian army, aided Diebitsch in concluding with York the convention of Tauroggen, and accompanied Blilcher as Russian staff officer in the campaign of 1813, of which he became the historiogra- pher at the request of Gneisenau, who was long regarded as the author of Clausewitz's Ueber- sicht des *Feldzugs von 1813 (Leipsic, 1814). After serving as chief of the general staff of the Russian-German legion, he assumed in 1815 the same position in the Prussian army, and became in 1818 major general and director of the military academy, and in 1831 chief of the general staff of Gneisenau's army on the Prussian-Polish frontier. He died of cholera. His most esteemed writings are Vom Kriege, Der Feldzug von 1796 in Italien, Der Feldzug von 1815, and Ueber das Leben un r l den Cha- raktcrvon Scharnhorst, included in his posthu- mous works (Hinterlassene Werke uber Krieg und Eriegfiihrung, 10 vols., Berlin, 1832-'7), which rank among the best authorities on mil- itary history and science. CLiUSTHAL, or Klausthal, a town of Prussia in the province of Hanover, situated on the Zel- lerbach, 26 m. N. E. of Gottingen ; pop. in 1871, 9,138. It stands in a bleak district of the Hartz mountains, on the top and slopes of a hill, about 1,800 ft. above the sea. It is reg- ularly laid out, having been frequently burned down and rebuilt, but the houses are generally of wood. It contains a mining school support- ed by the government, with a good collection of models of mines and mining machinery and of minerals, a mint, a church, court house, and gymnasium. One of the mines reaches 500 ft. below the level of the Baltic, and is drained by a tunnel cut through the mountain to a dis- tance of 6 m. The machinery of the mines is worked by^vater power, and every stream in the vicinity is carefully appropriated to this pur- pose ; the various canals, which extend from mill to mill throughout the mines, have an ag- gregate length of 125 m. These mines have been worked since the llth century. About 2 m. W. of Clausthal is the silver-smelting es- tablishment, in which 13 stamping mills are used to prepare the ore for the furnace. CLAVICHORD, or (landlord, an oblong keyed instrument, now out of use, of the nature of a spinet. The strings, being partially enveloped with cloth, emitted a soft, sweet tone, whence it was sometimes called the dumb spinet. CLAVICLE (Lat. claviculus, from clavis, a key), the collar bone, resembling in shape the Italic letter/. It articulates with the sternum or breast bone, at the root of the neck, and with the acromion process of the scapula, at the shoulder. The sternal extremity is thick and triangular, with a surface for articulation with the sternum ; the humeral extremity is flat and spongy, with an articular face for the acromion process of the scapula. The sternal two thirds is convex anteriorly, and the hume- ral third concave anteriorly. The clavicle, besides giving strength to the whole shoulder, serves to prevent it from falling inward to