Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume IV.djvu/676

664 CLEMENT CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA which had irritated the Bourbon courts, but prudently and firmly resisted them when they demanded the immediate abolition of the so- ciety of Jesus. After four years of investiga- tion into the charges brought against the so- ciety, and when Austria united with the other Catholic powers in assailing it, he at length, July 21, 1773, granted the famous brief of sup- pression, Dominm ac Redemptor. By this meas- ure he prevented a rupture with the princes of Europe, and recovered Avignon, Benevento, and other places which had been seized by France and Naples. A man of unquestioned piety, learning, and ability, his pontificate oc- curred in evil days. The violence brought to bear on him by the Catholic courts in order to obtain the suppression of the Jesuits filled his soul with bitterness. Incontrovertible tes- timony establishes the fact that he died broken- hearted. The letters published as his by Ca- raccioli, his biographer, are considered unau- thentic. The Clementine museum is a monu- ment of his munificence and love for the fine arts. Theiner published a history of his pon- tificate (3 vols., Leipsic, 1853), which was pas- sionately assailed by Cr6tineau-Joly ; and the memory of the pontiff has been vindicated by the Jesuit De Ravignan (Clement XIII. et Clement XIV., Paris, 1854). CLEMENT, Jacob, a Flemish composer of the 16th century, principal chapelmaster of the emperor Charles V. He stood at the head of his profession in the period between Despres and Palestrina, excelled both in sacred and secular music, and was called Clemem non papa. Seven of his posthumous books of motets, in four parts, were published in London in 1567, and his Mi&sa Defunctorum in 1580. < I.KMKYr. Jacques a French regicide, born in Champagne about 1565, killed at St. Cloud, Aug. 1, 1589. He was a monk, and was selected at the suggestion of Bourgoing, prior of the convent of the Jacobines at Paris, as the instrument of the duke de Mayenne and the other leaders of the league for the assassination of Henry III. After having spent July 31, 1589, in fasting, and partaken of the eucharist, C16ment went the next morning to St. Cloud, where, as the bearer of a letter from Achille de Harlay, he was admitted to the palace. While Henry III. was reading the letter Clement stabbed him. The king, throw- ing the knife which had inflicted a mortal wound into the murderer's face, exclaimed, "Oh, the wicked monk! he has killed me. Put him to death." The attendants killed him on the spot, and his remains were dragged in the mire, quartered, and burnt. The king died next morning, and Clement was pro- claimed a martyr by Bourgoing, and by Peres Commelet, Guignard, and Mariana. The last named published De Rege et Regis Institutione (1599), in glorification of the regicide. CLEMENT, Jean Pierre, a French historian and political economist, born at Draguignan, June 2, 1809. He earl}' acquired prominence as a free-trader and as a writer on political economy and history; and in 1855 he waselected to the academy of moral and political sciences. His works include Hutoire de la vie et de V adminis- tration de Colbert, precedee d'une notice his- torique sur Nicolas Fouquet (1846) ; Le gou- nernement de Louis XIV. (1848) ; Jacques Caeur et Charles VII., ou la France au XV' siecle (2 vols., 1853); Histoire du synteme protecteur en France depuis le ministdre de Colbert jus- qu'a la revolution de 1848 (1854) ; editions of Reflexions sur la misericorde and of Lettres de laduchesse de La Valliere (2 vols., 1860); and Lettres, instructions et memoires de Colbert (8 vols., 1863-'72), published under the auspices of the government, and in 1872 crowned with a valuable prize by the academy. CLEMENT, K ii ut Jnngbohn, a Danish historian, born on the island of Amrain, N. Friesland, Dec. 4, 1803, died at Bergen, N. J., Oct. 9, 1873. After travelling in Great Britain, France, Germany, &c., at the expense of the Da- nish government, he became professor of his- tory at the university of Kiel. In 1873 he visited the United States. He published sev- eral works relating to philology, and to his travels in Ireland, Friesland, Holland, and Germany. Among the principal are, in Ger- man, Erklarende Einleitung zur Oeschichte Ddnemarlc's (Hamburg, 1839) ; Die nordger- manische Welt (Copenhagen, 1840); Die Le- bens- und Leidensgeschichte der Friesen (Kiel, 1845); Die geeignetsten Mittel zur Besserung der Schleswiger und Holsteiner (Alton a, 1848) ; and Das wahre Verhdltniss der siidjutuchen Nationalitdt und Sprache (Hamburg, 1849). In 1 873 he completed, in English, his " History of Ireland " (3 vols.), from original documents and personal investigations. CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA (Tixus FLAVICS CLEMENS, surnamed ALEXANDBINCS), one of the fathers of the church, born probably at Athens about the middle of the 2d century, died in Alexandria about 215. Early devoted to the study of philosophy, he travelled through Greece and visited Italy and Egypt. He was a proficient in the Stoic and Platonic philoso- phies, and had also listened to Christian teach- ers, when through the influence of Pantsenus, master of the Christian school at Alexandria, he embraced Christianity, and became the as- sistant, according to others the successor, of his master in the school. The persecution under Severus in 202 obliged both to seek ref- uge in Palestine. He visited Jerusalem and Antioch, and according to some returned to Alexandria, but appears to have been in Jeru- salem in 210 or 211, for Eusebius mentions him at that date as the bearer of a letter from the bishop of Jerusalem to the church at An- tioch. Little is known of the later years of his life. He had many illustrious pupils, among whom was Origen. He is distinguished among the fathers of the church by his large acquaint- ance with and sincere admiration of the an- cient Greek philosophy. Unlike Tertullian