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718 CLOYNE a whole volume standing to await the author's final revisal, thus often having tons of type standing out of use. The establishment which he founded is still among the largest in Eng- land, printing much for the great publishers. CLOYNE, a market town of Ireland, in the county and 15 m. S. E. of Cork ; pop. in 1871, 1,434. The cathedral, built in the 13th century, contains monuments of Bishops Warburton and Woodward, and near it is a remarkable round tower, more than 90 ft. high. The bish- opric is said to have been founded in the 7th century by St. Colman, and the abbey in 707. In the 15th century the see was united with that of Cork, but it became independent again in 1678. Among the celebrated bishops of Cloyne were Berkeley and the astronomer Brinkley, who died in 1835, when the see was reunited with that of Cork. There are valu- able quarries in the vicinity. CLUB, a word of Saxon derivation, signify- ing a society of persons united for political, social, scientific, artistic, or literary ends, or for purposes of recreation. Clubs differ from mere associations in having some social bond, such as a place of meeting where the members associate in friendly personal intercourse. The modern English club differs considerably from those of two centuries since, which last better answered Johnson's definition of " an assembly of good fellows, meeting under certain condi- tions." Such was Ben Jonson's club at the "Devil Tavern." Political clubs came into existence at a later period. The King's Head club was a famous political association during the reign of Charles II. Clubs became numer- ous in England in the early part of the 18th century. The Brothers' club, of which Boling- broke, Harley, and Swift were members ; the Hanoverian club ; the Beefsteak club, presided over by Peg Woffington, the actress ; and the Kit-cat club, flourished in this era. In 1735 was established the second Beefsteak club, which has embraced among its members the most eminent public men. The Literary club, established in 1764, by Johnson, Boswell, Rey- nolds, Goldsmith, Burke, and others, is still flourishing. The club of the Friends of the People was established in London in 1793, for political purposes, by Lord Grey. From Eng- land the designation " political clubs " spread to similar organizations in France and other countries. They were prohibited in Germany in 1793. In France they were the focus of the revolution. The first French society that took the name of club was the club politique, estab- lished at Paris in 1782 ; a second was organized in 1785 under the name of the club de Boston or des Americains ; and afterward the appellation of club was adopted by most political societies. The most celebrated clubs of the revolutionary period were the clubs des Jacobins, des Feuil- lants, des Bretons, des Cordeliers, de Montrouge, and des enrages. Clubs for social, literary, ar- tistic, and political purposes are now found in every large city in the civilized world. CLUB-FOOT CLUB-FOOT, a deformity arising from rigid- ity and contraction of the muscles of the leg, in which the individual walks, with one or both legs, on the toes, on the external or internal border of the foot, or in some rare forms on the heel or the top of the foot. This deformity, which may be congenital or accidental, was known to Hippocrates ; Celsus gave the names varus and valgu*, which are still used, to two of the varieties; but the true anatomical his- tory of the affection may be dated from 1803, when Scarpa published his memoir on the sub- ject. In the simplest form, called talipes equi- nus, the heel is so raised that the person walks on the ball of the foot ; this may vary from an elevation of an inch or two to a perfect continu- ation of the axis of the log with that of the foot ; it may be complicated with distortion in- ward or outward, and, in old cases, with per- manent flexion of the leg on the thigh from con- traction of the hamstring muscles. In talipes varus, which is the most common, the distortion is more complex ; the heel is raised, the inner edge of the foot is drawn upward, and the whole foot is twisted inward, so that the per- son walks on the outer edge, and in extreme cases on the top of the foot and the outer ankle. In this form the limb is small, the mus- cles of the calf being feebly developed ; the toes arranged vertically, the great toe uppermost; the sole of the foot very concave, and the back very convex ; the external ankle turned back- ward, and very near the ground, the internal high up and approaching the heel bone ; a callus on the outer edge which corresponds to the sole. Walking is difficult and fatiguing, and the standing position insecure ; when existing in both limbs, the feet must be constantly crossed over each other in walking ; from the inward rotation of the limb the knee is turned out- ward, which increases the difficulty of standing and walking firmly. The joints are generally movable ; the tendo Achillis is tense, shortened, and turned inward with the heel. In new-born children the foot can be brought into the natu- ral position, and in them varus is almost always combined with some degree of the first variety ; indeed, the two are usually combined, giving a great number of intermediate forms. In talipes valgus the characters are the opposite of varus; the outer edge of the foot is raised up, and the person walks on the inner ankle and metatarsal bone of the great toe; the foot is strongly turned outward, as is the heel ; the internal border is convex and the external concave ; in this variety walking and standing are still more difficult and fatiguing. An extreme degree of varus has been described by Duval, in which the dorsum or back of the foot touches the ground ; in its first stage the foot rests on the dorsal surface of the great toe, the other toes being rolled inward toward the sole; in the second, the deviation begins further back, and the metatarsus is bent at a right angle toward the sole ; and in the worst form the whole ante- rior part of the foot is turned back, the dorsum