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720 CLUSERET 10,000 monks, and controlled over 600 reli- gious houses. The most illustrious of the ab- bots was Pierre Maurice, or Pierre de Mont- boissier, known as Peter the Venerable, who gave an asylum to Abelard, and after his death befriended Heloise. Subsequently the abbey declined, and in 1562 it was partly ruined by the Huguenots. In 1789 the monks were ex- pelled, and in 1792 their famous basilica, once the finest church connected with a monastery, was plundered by revolutionary troops, and the building itself was sold at auction and pulled down. Only two towers of it remain, with fragments of the south transept, the Bour- bon chapel, and some walls. Its library was one of the most renowned in France. A normal school for training special teachers for lyceums and colleges was established in 1865 in the re- maining parts of the ancient abbey. The an- nual prizes and medals are awarded in a grove which is said to have been planted by Abelard. The Cluny museum of national antiquities (musee de Vhotel de Cluny) in Paris derives its name from one of the abbots of Cluny, who in the 14th century built the palace of Cluny for the use of his order; but the abbots did not often reside there, and gave the use of it to princes and cardinals. In 1790 it was con- fiscated and sold. The city of Paris purchased it in 1842, and presented it to the government, together with the ruins of a Koman palace belonging to it and called Thermes de Julien. CLl'SEKET, Gnstave Pan], a Frencli soldier, born in Paris, June 13, 1823. In 1841 lie en- tered the military school of St. Cyr, and two years afterward was appointed sub-lieutenant. In April, 1848, he was made a major in the garde mobile, and took part in suppressing the insurrection of June. In 1849 he was re- tired on half pay, and opened a painter's studio. In 1851 he reentered the army as lieutenant in the chasseurs d pied of Algeria. In the Cri- mea (1855) he was wounded and promoted to a captaincy. In 1856 he joined the expedition against the Kabyles, and was named chevalier of the legion of honor. He resigned his com- mission in 1858, and in 1860 became attached to the staff of Garibaldi, was placed in com- mand of the French legion, and in November received the brevet rank of colonel. In 1862 he came to America, entered the Union service, was attached to the staff of Gen. McClellan, and afterward served under Fremont in Vir- ginia. In October, 1862, he was made briga- dier general of volunteers. After some further service in the valley of the Shenandoah, he re- tired from the army, and in 1864 edited the "New Nation," a weekly journal in New York, which advocated Fremont for president and vehemently opposed the renomination of Lincoln. He returned to France in 1867, but was expelled in 1869 for publications against the transcontinental railway project in the United States, in which some prominent French officials were interested. lie was sub- sequently for some time in New York, but re- CLUVERIUS turned to Europe during the Franco-German war in 1870. In Paris he affiliated himself with the assailants of the government of na- tional defence, but soon after left the capital and engaged in insurrectionary attempts in Lyons and Marseilles, which proved abortive. In the following spring he became minister of war in Paris under the commune, and for a short time was at the head of military opera- tions, but fell under suspicion of treachery to the cause and was for a time confined in the Mazas prison. After the downfall of the com- mune he succeeded in escaping to Switzerland. Sentence of death was passed against him in his absence in the summer of 1872. lie has since resided near Geneva. < I.I si MI (the modern Chiusi), one of the twelve cities of the ancient Etruscan confeder- ation, situated on the right bank of the Clnnis, near a small lake to which it gave name, and 83 m. N. N. W. of Rome. Virgil mentions it among the cities which assisted ^Eneas against Turnus. Its original name is said to have been Camars. Under the rule of Porsena, about 500 B. C., it espoused the cause of the Tarquins, and in conjunction with other Etruscan states laid siege to Rome, which is supposed by mod- ern critics to have surrendered, and submitted to humiliating conditions of peace. But the final issue of the war seems to have been un- favorable to the Etruscans, though how or when is not certainly known. During the later wars of the Romans with the Etruscans we hear of the Clusians only once, and then in conjunction with the Perusians, who were ene- mies of Rome. At what time Clusium passed under the dominion of the Romans is un- known. In 295 B. C. a Roman legion stationed at Clusium was cut to pieces by the Gauls. The latter in their third great invasion, 225 B. C., appeared under the walls of Clusium shortly before their decisive defeat at Telamon. In the second Punic war Clusium was under Ro- man rule, and furnished Scipio with corn and timber for his fleet. In the civil wars of Sulla and Marius the Clusians sided with the par- tisans of Marius, who were twice defeated near the city. Under the empire Clusium seems to have received a fresh colony of citizens, who enjoyed separate rights, and are mentioned as Clusii novi, in distinction from the Clusii te- teres. But few remains exist of the former greatness of the city. (See CHIUBI.) < m runs, or Clnver, Phillpp, a German geographer, born in Dantzic in 1580, died in Ley den in 1623. His father destined him for the law, but withdrew his support on his devoting himself at Leyden to the study of geography and history under the direction of Scaliger. He enlisted as a private in the imperial army, and was imprisoned in Bo- hemia for translating into Latin a paper which was obnoxious to the governmant. After his release, his mother secretly supplied him with money, and he resided some time in England, and travelled through Scotland, France, Ger-