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722 CLYTEMNESTRA COACH verity of the criminal code; and in 1787 he was a member of the convention that framed the federal constitution. From 1789 to 1791 he was a member of congress ; and in the lat- ter year he was placed at the head of the ex- cise department in Pennsylvania, and held the office till after the suppression of the whiskey riots, when he resigned. In 1796 he was one of the commissioners who successfully negotia- ted a treaty with the Cherokees and Creeks in Georgia, after which he retired from public life. He was the first president of the Phila- delphia bank, of the academy of fine arts, and of the Philadelphia agricultural society on its reorganization in 1805, all of which offices he held till he died. CLYTEMESTRi, in Grecian legends, the daughter of Tyndareus, king of Sparta, and Leda. After her seduction by Jupiter, Leda, metamor- phosed into a swan, is fabled to have laid two eggs, from one of which were produced Pollux and Helen, said to be the children of Jupiter, and from the other Castor and Clytemnestra, chil- dren of Tyndareus. Clytemnestra was given in marriage by her father to Agamemnon, and her sister Helen to Menelaus, both sons of Atreus, king of Mycenro ; the former of whom succeed- ed his own father on his throne, while the lat- ter succeeded his fathers-law on that of Spar- ta. During the absence of Agamemnon in the war against Troy growing out of the abduction of Helen, Clytemnestra lived in adultery with ^Egisthus. On her husband's return she slew him in a bath, and also his paramour Cassan- dra, in alleged retribution for the loss of her daughter Iphigenia. Clytemnestra and ^Egis- thus were afterward in their turn slain by Orestes, son of Agamemnon. The story of Clytemnestra has been a popular theme with dramatists ; among those who have used it are Voltaire in Oreste, and Soumet in Clytemnes- tre. It is also the subject of one of Pierre Guerin's finest pictures. (Ml) IS, or i ; ii id us the chief city of the Do- rian hexapolis in Caria, built at the extremity of the peninsula of Triopium, partly on the mainland and partly on an island connected by a causeway, forming two harbors. It was founded by a Dorian colony from Lacedasmon, had an extensive commerce, and was visited by travellers from all the Grecian cities, at- tracted by the worship of Venus in the temple which contained the celebrated statue of this goddess by Praxiteles. There were also temples of Apollo and Neptune. It was off Cnidus that the Athenian Conon defeated with the Persian fleet that of the Spartans (394 B. C.), thus depriving them of the com- mand of the sea. Ctesias, Eudoxus, and Sos- tratus were natives of this city, of which con- siderable ruins are still visible near Cape Krio. The latest explorations of these ruins were by the archaeologist Newton ("Travels and Dis- coveries in the Levant," 2 vols., London, 1865). CNOSSCS, or Gnossns (more anciently Cnosw or Gnostis, now Makro Teikho), the capital of Crete in the time of Minos, built on the Csera- tus, a short distance from the northern coast, and founded by Dorians, who diffused their institutions over the island. Homer mentions it as already a great city, and the residence of the celebrated Cretan king ; it long maintained its preponderance, until it was weakened by the growing importance of Cydonia and Gor- tyna. It was renowned in mythology by nu- merous legends of Jupiter, who was born and married in its vicinity, of Minos, Ariadne, the minotaur, and the celebrated labyrinth of Daedalus. In later times it became a colony of the Romans. ^Enesidemus the Skeptic phi- losopher, and Chersiphron the architect of the temple of Diana in Ephesus, were born, and Epimenides flourished here. Some masses of Roman brickwork, parts of the so-called long wall, are the only vestiges of Cnossus. COACH (Ger. Kutsche, Fr. cache, Hun. kocn [formerly kotsi], probably derived from Kocs [Kots], the name of a village S. of the Danube, in which coaches were made in the 16th century), a covered four-wheeled carriage, and, as usu- ally applied, limited to those employed as public conveyances for passengers. The ve- hicles designated by this name, slightly altered in the different European languages from the original Hungarian kocsi, have been so various- ly constructed, that the name may properly be treated as applicable to all covered carriages, including those used upon railroads. During the middle ages the only riding practised was on horseback ; and when near the close of the 15th century carriages began again to appear, they were esteemed proper only for women and invalids. The emperor Frederick III., it is stated, came to attend the council at Frank- fort in 1474 in a close carriage, and the next year visited the same city in a very magnificent covered carriage. In the 16th century the German princes appear to have vied with each other in the number and splendor of their equipages. At the tournament in Ruppin in 1509, the electress of Brandenburg appeared in a carriage gilt all over ; there were 12 other coaches there ornamented with crimson, and one of the duchess of Mecklenburg hung with red satin. The use of coaches, though pro- hibited to the feudal nobility and vassals by the orders and admonitions of the great lords, became popular throughout the states, and gradually extended to all the countries of Europe. The want of carriage roads, and tho narrowness of the streets of many of the cities, were no doubt serious impediments to their introduction. Even as late as the 16th cen- tury people of the highest rank in France rode only on horseback, sometimes sitting behind their equerry on the same horse. Yet it would appear from an ordinance of Philip the Fair in 1294, forbidding citizens' wives to use carriers (cars), that they must have been known at that early time. About the year 1550 there were only three coaches in Paris. In 1610 Henry IV. was assassinated in his coach. The first