INDIA (RACES AND LANGUAGES) 219 tiger, Idffhni, tigress. The plural of nouns in oblique cases is formed by adding 3 ; the nomi- native of masculine nouns remains unchanged if it ends in a consonant or in i, but if in A or ah it receives an e. Feminines in i take &, others K. The sign for the genitive is M mas- culine, TA feminine. This case has also the force of an adjective, and its own oblique cases end in Ice ; as rdtfdkd beta, the son of the king; rdtfdke letekd, to the son of the king. The form of the other cases will appear from the following paradigm : singular nom. adhd ( U JJ 1 ), a blind man, gen. adhekd ( ^^ JJ 1 ), adhelce, adheki, dat. and ace. adheko, voc. ai adhe, abl. adhese, instr. adhene, loc. dd- heml ; plural nom. ddhe ( J& jj I ), gen. dd- hSkd ( )) cidhSke, adhSki, dat. and ace. ddhSkd, voc. ai ddho, abl. adhose, instr. adhSne, loc. AdhSml. Adjectives always agree with their nouns in gender and case, but not always in number; as addhi larki, the good girl; add fie larke, the good boys; addhl lar- kiya, the good girls. The pronoun of the first person singular is mat, plural ham; second person singular, t&, plural turn; third person singular and plural, so. The relative pronoun is <7<i in both singular and plural. The first ten cardinal numbers are ek, do, tin, ddr, pad, dhah, sat, dth, nan, das. The corresponding ordinals are pahld, d-tisrd, tisrd, daiithd, p&dta, chathta, fdthvS, dthva, nava, dasva. The present par- ticiple of verbs ends in ant, the past participle in ta. Guzarati or Gujarati distinguishes all three genders. Nouns are declined as follows :
- v
singular nom. dev ( <H ), a god, gen. masc. sing, devni) ( 'JH'tl )i g en - two- sing, devni, gen. neut. sing, demit, gen. masc. pi. devnd, gen. fern. pi. devni, gen. neut. pi. devna, dat. and ace. devnS, voc. are dev, abl. devthi, devethi, instr. devthi, devethi, deve, devekari, deveka- rine, loc. dene, devma ; plural nom. dew ( 5U )' S en - masc - sin S- devono ( ^t^ ), gen. fern. sing, devmi, gen. neut. sing. detsonU, gen. masc. pi. devond, gen. fern. pi. dewni, gen. neut. pi. devond, dat. and ace. dSvdnl, voc. ah6 ili'f'i, abl. devothi, ipstr. devothi, dewe, denoe- A'ari, devoekarine, loc. devfie, detsoma. The genitive of nouns can thus be employed as an adjective and made to agree in gender and number with the substantive. Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case. The nominative singular masculine ends in 6, feminine in i, neuter in & ; the nomina- tive plural masculine in a, feminine in i, neu- ter in a. The pronoun of the first person sin- gular is h&, plural ame ; second person singular, tU, plural tame; third person singular, te, plu- ral ted. The relative pronoun singular is ye, plural (jev. The first ten cardinal numbers are el; le, tan, (far, paf, ha, sdt, dth, nai; and das. The corresponding ordinals are pehelo, M<7<>, ti(/6, &thf>, patfamo, chato, sdtamo, dthamv, navamo, and dasamd. The present participle ends in to, ti, tti. The past participle is fornu d by yd, i, yH. Marftthi also distinguishes three genders. Nouns are declined as follows : sin- gular nom. dm ( J^Sf ), a god, gen. Aetafa ), devddi, devdtfa, denude, dat. and ace. divas, demla, abl. devdpdsun, instr. dei-dne, devdna, loc. devdt plural nom. deva ( r^f ), gen. devadd. ( ), dh9.ce, detac'a, de-cade, dat. and ace. deeds, devald, ahl. detapasun, instr. detane, dei'Sna, loc. devSt. Adjectives end when masculine in d, feminine in i, and neuter in a, and are connected with their nouns as if they formed a compound word with them. Number and case are indicated only when ad- jectives are used as nouns. The pronoun of the first person singular is ml, plural dmhi; second person singular, tH, plural tumhi; third person singular, masculine to, feminine ti, neu- ter te; plural for the three genders, te. The relative pronoun singular masculine is $6, femi- nine <ji, neuter <je ; plural for the three gen- ders, tfe, but the feminine appears sometimes as $yd. The present participle of transitive verbs ends in it, of intransitive verbs in at. There is another form ending in ta. The past partici- ple of transitives ends in ild, of intransitives in aid. DRAVIDIAN LANGUAGES. Excepting Cingalese, or Singhalese, the language spoken on the island of Ceylon (which, though possess- ing some points of similarity with the Dravidian languages, is nevertheless treated by several eminent scholars as a language entirely distinct by itself), the Dravidian group must be divided into five sections or languages, to which may be added a sixth, comprising the idioms still imperfectly known and spoken by the races which occupy the innermost parts of the moun- tainous regions. The Tamil language is the Sanskrit of the whole group. It is spoken mainly in the so-called Carnatic, or the eastern coastland below the Ghauts of Palicat as far as Cape Comorin, and from the Ghauts to the bay of Bengal. It is heard also in the West- ern Ghauts and in the northern portion of Ceylon. There are two dialectical variations of it. One is the so-called classic or Sen- Tamil, and the other the colloquial or Kodun- Tamil. The next highest rank must be assign- ed to Telugu, formerly called Gentoo. It was once spoken as far N. as the Ganges, but now reaches only from Cicacole on the E. coast to Palicat, and thence as far as Mysore. The next in order, and nearest related to the two preceding, is Canarese, whose territory extends over Mysore and the eastern districts of the Nizam as far as Beder; it is spoken also in the district of Canara, on the Malabar COJIM. The fourth language is Malayalam or Mala- yalma, spoken on the coast of Malabar, on the
