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262 INDUSTRIAL EXHIBITIONS INFALLIBILITY eminent appropriation was $3,000,000, accom- panied with a provision that it was not to be exceeded; and as the receipts from visitors barely paid the running expenses, there was a deficit of about $9,000,000. Among the causes which contributed to this failure were the financial panic and the comparatively small number of visitors during the summer months, which was due partly to apprehensions of the cholera, and especially to the utterly inadequate accommodations and the extravagant prices of living. But the industrial benefits of the ex- hibition to the Austro-Hungarian dominions, in bringing their productions to the notice of the world, and especially in the intro- duction of American agricultural implements and other foreign labor-saving inventions, were regarded as more than compensating the loss. The advantages gained by foreign exhibitors of valuable productions were also very great. Of other industrial exhibitions in the United States, besides the world's fair in 1853, the most important are those of the American institute of the city of New York, founded in 1828, and incorporated in 1829, for the encouragement of commerce, manufac- tures, and art. For several years the an- nual fairs were in part agricultural and hor- ticultural, but lately they have been almost wholly industrial, and are open to exhibitors from all parts of the Union. The large space required for the fairs has compelled the use in successive seasons of such places as Castle Gar- den, the crystal palace (1854-'8), and now (1874) the premises known as the "Rink," near the Central park, which the institute has purchased. The association has a fund of $75,000 in government bonds, and owns real estate in New York renting for $12,000 a year. Its fairs are profitable. The 42d exhibition, in September and October, 1873, had 1,146 exhib- itors and more than 600,000 visitors; the re- ceipts from admissions and other sources were $63,382 32; expenditures, $48,675 94; profit, $14,706 38. The Franklin institute of Phila- delphia, similar to the New York American institute and founded about the same time, is especially devoted to the mechanic and inven- tive arts, and has held occasional exhibitions ; it also publishes a valuable journal, which at the close of 1873 had reached the 93d semi- annual volume. An association in Cincinnati has held four industrial exhibitions, and the fifth is announced for September, 1874. The ninth industrial exhibition of the mechanics' in- stitute of San Francisco, from Aug. 18 to Sept. 18, 1874, is announced as "open to all the world." Baltimore, Boston, and Buffalo have held successful local industrial exhibitions. For several years past nearly all the county and state agricultural societies throughout the Union have made annual exhibitions of local manufactures, industries, and arts, as well as of agricultural products, with liberal prizes to competing inventors, manufacturers, and ex- hibitors. Among important industrial exhibi- tions that are now projected may be men- tioned an international one of female industry at Florence, probably in 1874. The announce- ments of special industries to be exhibited at the annual internationals in London are made for each year from 1874 to 1880. A law of congress, March 3, 1871, authorizes " the cele- bration of the centennial of American indepen- dence by an international exhibition of the arts, manufactures, and natural resources of this and other countries." The proposed ex- hibition is to be held in Philadelphia from April 19 to Oct. 19, 1876. An act of congress, June 1, 1872, fixed the capital at $10,000,000, which the commissioners apportioned among the states according to population. Up to June, 1874, New Jersey had appropriated $100,000, Pennsylvania $1,000,000, Philadelphia $1,500,- 000, and local subscriptions, together with in- dividual subscriptions throughout 25 states and territories, brought the sum total to about $4,000,000 ; and an effort was in progress to procure private subscriptions for the balance. Among the more important works relating to the principal exhibitions are : " The Official Catalogue of the Great Exhibition of 1851" (4 vols. 4to, London, 1851) ; " Official, De- scriptive, and Illustrated Catalogue " of the same (3 vols.) ; " Reports by Juries " (6 vols.) ; " First Report by Commissioners " (1852) ; the elaborate work printed for the commissioners (13 vols. fol.), and the same in French (13 vols. 8vo, Paris, 185Y-'66); " Report of the World's Fair " (New York, 1853) ; Exposition unixer- selle de 1855, by the French commission (3 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1857-'8); "Reports of the International Mixed Jury " (in French, 2 vols. 4to, Paris, 1856; in English, London, 1856); the reports of the royal commissioners on the exhibition of 1862 (4 vols., London, 1862); "The Exhibited Machinery of 1862," by D. K. Clark (London, 1862) ; the reports of the French and English commissioners on the Paris exposition of 1867 (Paris and London, 1867) ; reports of the United States commis- sioners on the same (6 vols., Washington,1870) ; the special report on "Machinery and Processes of the Industrial Arts and Apparatus of the Exact Sciences," by F. A. P. Barnard, LL. D., a commissioner for the United States (Wash- ington, 1869); and "Reports of Artisans se- lected by the Society of Arts to visit the Paris Universal Exhibition of 1867 " (London, 1867). No comprehensive work on the Vienna expo- sition of 1873 has yet appeared (1874), though several minor reports have been published. INKS DE CASTRO. See CASTRO, INKS DE. INFALLIBILITY (later Lat. infaUMlis, not lia- ble to be deceived, from in, privative, smdfalU, to be deceived, to err), a doctrine of the Roman Catholic church, which attributes to that church as the divinely appointed teacher of mankind, and to the Roman pontiff as pastor of the whole church, the privilege of being preserved from teaching error. Infallibility is not to be con- founded with impeccability, which means im-